Table 2.
Studies on the bioactive composition of V. sinuatum extracts.
| EX | Part | Cond | Results | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maceration (ethanol) | Flower | 70%, RT, 72 h | SP (TPC; mg GAE/g DW; TFC: mg RE/g DW) | HPLC–PDA (µg/mg DW) | [21] |
| TPC (29.03–54.77), TFC (13.72–19.91) |
Flavonoids: Apigenin (5.85–13.82); Luteolin (3.18–16.98); Naringin (7.10–12.3); Rutin (4.90–5.55) | ||||
| PAs: CAF (4.98–7.78) | |||||
| Methanolic (extract) | Flower | RT, 24 h | SP (TPC; mg GAE/g DW; TFC: mg RE/g DW) | HPLC–PDA–MS (mg/g DW) | [7] |
| TPC (51.94), TFC (22.57) |
Flavonoids: Rutin (21); Quercetin (1.51) | ||||
| PAs: PCA (0.12); GA (0.09); SAc (2.45); PMCA (10.22); FA (0.45); RA (3.63) | |||||
| Iridoids: Harpagoside (0.01) | |||||
| Maceration | Flower | 80%, RT, 24 h | HPLC–DAD (g/kg DW) | [22] | |
| Flavonoids: Quercetin (0.393) | |||||
| PAs: CGA (0.154); CAN (0.037); PMCA (0.031); GAA (0.015); CAF (0.006) | |||||
| HAE (ethanol) | Leaf | 80%, 40 °C, 100 rmp/1h | SP/ GRV (TPC: µg/mL) | HPLC–DAD (µg/mL) | [23] |
| TPC (36), EY (34.34%) |
PAs: QA (1.25); CAFh (0.281) | ||||
| PGs: PMCI (6.4); PMCII (2.3) | |||||
| IGs: VB (12.4); IVB (2.5) | |||||
| Infusion | Leaf | Water, 5 min | SP/ GRV (TPC: µg/mL) | HPLC–DAD (µg/mL) | |
| TPC (25.2), EY (20.29%) |
PAs: QA (1.02); CAFh (0.112) | ||||
| PGs: PCMI (2.7); PCMII (1.29) | |||||
| IGs: VB (13.1); IVB (2.41) | |||||
Abbreviations: EX: extraction; COND: condition; IGs: iridoid glycosides; PGs: phenylethanoid glycosides; PAs: phenolic acids; CAF: caffeic acid; CAFh: caffeic acid hexoxide; PCA: protocatechuic acid; GA: gentisic acid; Sac: salicylic acid; PMCA: p-Coumaric acid; FA: ferulic acid; RA: rosmarinic acid; GAA: gallic acid; CGA: chlorogenic acid; CAN: cinnamic acid; QA: quinic acid; VB: verbascoside; IBV: isoverbascoside; PMCI: p-Coumaroyl-6-O-rhamnosyl aucubin isomer I; PCMII: p-Coumaroyl-6-O-rhamnosyl aucubin isomer II; EY: extraction yield; SP: spectrophotometry; GRV: gravimetry.