Table 3.
Biological activities of V. sinuatum extracts.
| Extracts | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant Activity | ||
| Methanolic | TPC (118.2 GAE/g DW); TF (4.87 mg QE/g DW); DPPH (IC50 0.11 mg/mL); Fe-Chelate concentration (10.88 mg/mL) | [50] |
| Methanolic | TPC (51.94 mg GAE/g DW); TF (22.57 mg QE/g DW); DPPH (NHF 38.15, EAF 23.56, WAF 27.37) IC50; µg/mL; FRAP (NHF 1553.29, EAF 2650.92, WAF 1749.03) equivalents Fe2+ µM | [7] |
| Methanolic | TF (2.12 g QE/kg DW); TCC (1.56 g/kg DW); β-carotene content (1.1 mg/kg DW); FRAP (1.12 μmol Fe (II)/g DW) | [22] |
| Ethanolic | TPC (8.53 mg/g); DPPH (IC50 = 263.52 µg/mL); FRAP (85.08 μg/mL) | [51] |
| Ethanolic | TBARS (IC50: 4.2 µg/mL) | [23] |
| Infusion | TBARS (IC50: 17.4 µg/mL) | |
| Antimicrobial Activity | ||
| Methanolic | MIC µg/mL: S. epidermidis (16); S. aureus (32), E. faecalis (32); P. vulgaris (64); P. mirabilis (64); C. diversus (64); B. subtilis (128); E. cloacae (128); P. aeruginosa (128); S. typhi (128); E. aerogenes (256); K. pneumoniae (256) | [1] |
| Methanolic | MIC mg/mL: E. coli (NHF 32; EAF 32; WAF: 32); S. aureus (NHF 8, EAF 2; WAF 16) | [7] |
| MBC mg/mL: E. coli (NHF 32; EAF 32; WAF: 32); S. aureus (NHF 16, EAF 8, WAF 16) | ||
| Ethanolic | IZ mm: E. faecalis (22); E. coli (11); K. pneumoniae (12); P. aeruginosa (12); P. mirabili (18); C. albicans (20) | [8] |
| MIC µg/mL: E. faecalis (4); E. coli (500); K. pneumoniae (250); P. aeruginosa (250); P. mirabili (8); C. albicans (8) | ||
| MBC µg/mL: E. faecalis (8); E. coli (1000); K. pneumoniae (500); P. aeruginosa (250); P. mirabili (16); C. albicans (16) | ||
| Ethanolic | MIC mg/mL: S. aureus (0.25); B. cereus (0.5); M. flavus (1); L. monocytogenes (1); E. cloacae (1); S typhi (1); A. fumigatus (0.25); A. versicolor (0.25); A. niger (0.5); P. funiculosum (0.12); P. aurantiogriseum (0.5) | [23] |
| MBC mg/mL: S. aureus (0.25); B. cereus (0.5); M. flavus (2); L. monocytogenes (2); E. cloacae (2); S typhi (2) | ||
| MFC mg/mL: A. fumigatus (0.5); A. versicolor (0.5); A. niger (1); P. funiculosum (0.5); P. aurantiogriseum (1) | ||
| Infusion | MIC mg/mL: S. aureus (0.25); B. cereus (1); M. flavus (1); L. monocytogenes (1); E. cloacae (0.5); S. typhi (1); A. fumigatus (0.5); A. versicolor (0.5); A. niger (0.5); P. funiculosum (0.5); P. aurantiogriseum (0.5) | [23] |
| MBC mg/mL: S. aureus (0.5); B. cereus (1); M. flavus (2); L. monocytogenes (1); E. cloacae (1); S. typhi (2) | ||
| MFC mg/mL: A. fumigatus (1); A. versicolor (1); A. niger (1); P. funiculosum (1); P. aurantiogriseum (1) | ||
| Anticancer Activity | ||
| Alkaloid fraction | Mitotic index (33.00); prophase index (32.16); aberration index (21.49) | [2] |
| Ethanolic | GI50 µg/mL: MCF-7 (125.9); NCI-H640 (140); HeLa (101.1); HepG2 (172.2); PLP2 (>400) | [23] |
| Infusion | GI50 µg/mL: MCF-7 (74.8); NCI-H640 (92.1); HeLa (59.1); HepG2 (65.4); PLP2 (223.1) | [23] |
Abbreviations: DPPH: 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging; FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; IC50: half inhibitory concentration; NHF: n-Hexane fraction; EAF: ethyl acetate fraction; WAF: water fraction; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC: minimum bactericidal concentration; MFC: minimum fungicidal concentration; GI50: growth inhibitory (50%) concentration; MCF-7: adenocarcinoma of the breast; NCI-H640: non-small cell of lung cancer; HeLa: carcinoma of the cervix; HepG2: hepatocellular carcinoma; PLP2: non-tumor cell line obtained from pig liver; TPC: total phenolic content; FRAP: ferric reducing capacity; TF: total flavonoid; TCC: total carotenoid content; S. epidermidis: Staphylococcus epidermidis; S aureus: Staphylococcus aureus; E. faecalis: Enterococcus faecalis; P. vulgaris: Proteus vulgaris; P. mirabilis: Proteus mirabilis; C. diversus: Citrobacter diversus; B. subtilis: Bacillus subtilis; E. cloacae: Enterobacter cloacae: P. aeruginosa: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; S. typhi: Salmonella typhi; E. aerogenes: Enterobacter aerogenes; K. pneumoniae: Klebsiella pneumoniae; IZ: inhibition zones; E. coli: Escherichia coli; C. albicans: Candida albicans; M. flavus: Micrococcus flavus; L. monocytogenes; Listeria monocytogenes; A. fumigatus: Aspergillus fumigatus; A. versicolor: Aspergillus versicolor; A. niger: Aspergillus niger; P. funiculosum: Penicillium funiculosum; P. aurantiogriseum: Penicillium aurantiogriseum.