Table 1.
Various plasma surface treatments of PEEK.
| Treatment | Results | Author |
|---|---|---|
| Plasma | ||
| Oxygen/Ammonia | In-vitro: Increased adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of cells as compared to control | Althaus et al. [22] |
| Nitrogen | In-vitro: Increase in bioactivity and antibacterial properties with reference to S. aureus. | Gan et al. [23] |
| Oxygen/Argon | In-vitro: Increased wettability and cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and differentiation of SAOS-2 osteoblasts | Han et al. [24] |
| Oxygen/Nitrogen | In-vitro: Decrease in contact angle and no disadvantageous effect on cytocompatibility; | Ha et al. [25] |
| Nitrogen/Argon/(Nitrogen + Argon) | In-vitro: Increase in osteogenic activity (Highest: Nitrogen) and antibacterial property (Highest: Nitrogen + Argon) | Liu et al. [26] |
| Oxygen | In-vitro: Decrease in contact angle | Tsougeni et al. [27] |
| Oxygen | In-vitro: Increased cell adhesion and spreading of U2-OS osteoblasts in the presence of S. epidermidis | Rochford et al. [28] |
| Water vapour/Argon | In-vitro: Increased wettability and cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblast precursor cell line derived from Mus musculus (mouse) calvaria (MC3T3-E1). | Wang et al. [12] |
| Plasma treatment + Radiation | ||
| EUV + (low temperature Nitrogen/Oxygen) | In-vitro: Decreased contact angle and increased cell adhesion of MG63 cells, Cell adhesion higher with Nitrogen plasma | Czwartos et al. [29] |
| Oxygen/UV | In-vitro: Increase in the bond strength to TiO2 sol solution after exposure to O2 plasma/UV radiation | Kizuki et al. [30] |
| Plasma + Chemical treatment | ||
| Argon + Hydrofluoric acid | In-vitro: Decreased contact angle and increased cell proliferation and differentiation of rBMS cells (Higher with Nitrogen) In-vivo: Increased resistance to Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) |
Chen et al. [31] |
| Argon/(Argon + Hydrogen peroxide) | In-vitro: Increased cell adhesion, collagen secretion, and extra-cellular matrix deposition (Higher with Argon, Peroxide combination) In-vivo: Increased fibrous tissue filtration inhibition and osseointegration with Argon, Peroxide combination |
Ouyang et al. [32] |
| Plasma + Laser | ||
| Oxygen + Nd:YAG | In vitro: Decrease in contact angle | Akkan et al. [33] |
| Plasma + Biomolecules/Inorganic coating | ||
| Argon + Polydopamine (PDA) + Vancomycin gelatin nanoparticles | In vitro: No cytotoxicity and increased antibacterial resistance to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) | Chen et al. [34] |
| Nitrogen + Tropoelastin | In vitro: Increased bioactivity of osteogenic cells | Wakelin et al. [35] |
| Nitrogen + PDA + Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) carrying Bone Morphogenic Protein-2 (BMP-2) gene | In vitro: Increased osteogenic activity | Qin et al. [36] |
| (Argon/Oxygen) + Acrylic acid vapours + Polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) and polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) multilayers | In vitro: Increased adhesion and proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells In vivo: Increased osseointegration |
Liu et al. [37] |