Table 4.
Results of sulphonation on PEEK.
| Treatment | Result | Author |
|---|---|---|
| Sulphonation | ||
| H2SO4+ (Acetone/Hydrothermal treatment/Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) immersion) | In vitro: Optimal surface characteristics after 5 min exposure to 98% H2SO4; Comparable efficiency by Acetone, hydrothermal treatment and NaOH immersion in removal of residual acid | Ma et al. [49] |
| H2SO4+ NaOH | In vitro: Optimal contact angle reduction after exposure of 30 s to 98% H2SO4 | Wang et al. [50] |
| H2SO4 + NaOH | In vitro: Decreased contact angle and increased bioactivity of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts cells | Cheng et al. [51] |
| Sulphonation + Other chemical treatments | ||
| H2SO4/ [H2SO4 + Hydrogen peroxide (Piranha solution)] | In vitro: Decreased contact angle and increased adhesion and proliferation of human fibroblast cells | dos Santos et al. [52] |
| (H2SO4 + Nitric acid)/H2SO4 | In vitro: Decreased contact angle and increased adhesion and proliferation of pre-osteoblasts cells (Highest with combination of H2SO4 and Nitric acid) In vivo: Increased bone formation around PEEK |
Li et al. [53] |
| H2SO4 + Nitric acid | In vitro: Decreased contact angle and increased bioactivity of osteogenic cells | Huo et al. [54] |
| Sulphonation + Organic/Inorganic coatings | ||
| H2SO4 + Lactams | In vitro: Decrease in growth on S. mutans biofilm | Montero et al. [55] |
| H2SO4 + zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 containing Ag ions | In vitro: Increase antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and, E. coli | Yang et al. [56] |
| H2SO4+ graphene oxide | In vitro: Increase in bioactivity and antibacterial activity against S. mutans and P. gingivalis | Guo et al. [57] |
| H2SO4+ [Simvastatin/Poly(lactic)acid] + Hyaluronic acid | In vitro: Increased MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion and proliferation | Deng et al. [58] |
| H2SO4 + Nickel nanoparticles + Hydroxyapatite | In vitro: Increase in angiogenesis and osteoblastic differentiation In vivo: Improved osseointegration |
Dong et al. [59] |
| H2SO4+ lithium-ion-loaded Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) | In vitro: Increase in bioactivity and antibacterial activity In vivo: Increased antimicrobial activity and osseointegration |
Li et al. [60] |
| Sulphonation + Plasma + Coatings | ||
| H2SO4 + Oxygen plasma + alkaline Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) | In vitro: No cytotoxicity to MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts In vivo: Increased osseointegration |
Masomoto et al. [61] |
| H2SO4 + Oxygen plasma + Poly (Dopamine) + Tripeptide | In vitro: Decreased contact angle and increased bioactivity of osteogenic cells | Zhu et al. [62] |
| H2SO4 + Argon plasma + Polar amino functional groups | In vitro: Increase in bioactivity and antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli | Wang et al. [63] |
| Sulphonation + Other chemical treatments + Organic coatings | ||
| H2SO4 + Sodium borohydride + Phosphorylated gelatin + BMP-2 | In vitro: Increased cell bioactivity of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts | Wu et al. [64] |
| H2SO4 + Nitric acid + Dopamine + Collagen | In vitro: Increased cell bioactivity of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts | Kim et al. [65] |