Table 2.

Summary characteristics of included studies.

Author Year	Study Design	Sample Size	Gender	Age	Malocclusion	Number of Mini-Screws	Mini-Screw Placement	Force	Assessment	Group	Subjects
Deguchi 2008	Retro Cohort	18	2 M; 16 F	20.7 ± 2.5 (headgear); 21.5 ± 3.7 (mini-screw)	NR (probably Cl II)	2, 1.5 × 6 mm	Between central and lateral	100 gMS and HG	Root resorption; intrusion duration; cephalometric (angular; linear)	Mini-screw	8
										Headgear	10
El Namrawy, 2019	RCT	30	9 M; 21 F	15.3 ± 1 (mini-screw) 14.8 ± 1 (intrusive arch)	Class I or Class II	2, 1.4 × 6 mm	Between lateral and canine	100 gr	Pain; cast measurements (overbite; over jet; inter-canine width; inter-molar width); cephalometric (skeletal; dental; soft tissue)	Mini-screw	15
										Intrusive arch (segmental)	15
Gomaa, 2019	Retro cohort	20	2 M; 18 F	18–24	Class I or II	2, 1.3–1.6 × 6–8 mm	Between central and lateral	NR	Smile analysis; overbite; overjet; cephalometric	Mini-screw	10
										Curve of spee arch wire, both dentitions	10
Gupta, 2017	Prospective cohort	24	NR	17.75 ± 3.49 (mini-screw) 18.75 ± 3.47 (intrusive arch)	NR	2, 1.3 × 8 mm	Between lateral and canine	30 gr per side (60 gr)	Overbite; cephalometric (angular; linear)	Mini-screw	12
										Connecticut intrusion arch	12
Gurlen, 2016	RCT	32	16 M; 16 F	14.65	NR	2, 1.4 × 7 mm	Between central and lateral	60 gr for both	Cephalometric (dental; skeletal); root resorption	Mini-screw	16
										Connecticut intrusion arch	16
Jain, 2014	RCT	30	11 M; 19 F	16–22	NR	2, 1.4 × 6 mm	Between central and lateral	1.5 ounces per side (80 gr) for MS, UA; 2 for J hook	Overjet, overbite, cephalometric (dental)	Mini-screw	10
										Headgear	10
										Utility arch	10
Karagoz, 2013	RCT	25	11 M; 14 F	18.2 ± 3.3	NR	2, 1.4 × 8 mm	Between central and lateral	100 gr	Overjet, overbite, cephalometric (dental; skeletal); root resorption	Mini-screw	13
										Segmental + TPA	12
Nayak, 2011	Prospective cohort	14	NR	NR	NR	1, 2 × 8 mm	In the midline in the frenum region	50 gr	Cephalometric (dental)	Mini-implant	7
										Utility arch	7
Kumar, 2015	Prospective cohort	30	NR	15–20	Class II Div 1	2, 1.3 × 7 mm	Between central and lateral	60 gr for both	Cephalometric (dental)	Mini-screw	15
										Connecticut intrusion arch	15
Liou, 2010	Retro cohort	50	4 M; 46 F	25.4 ± 5.6	NR	2, 2 × 9 mm	Infrazygomatic	100 gr intrusive, 250 gr retractive	Root resorption	Mini-screw Anchorage	30
										Control	20
Ma, 2013	RCT	20	NR	22.41 ± 2.02	NR	2, 1.6 × 8 mm	Between central and lateral	50 gr	Overjet; overbite; cephalometric (dental; skeletal)	Mini-screw	10
										Utility arch	10
Polat-Ozsoy, 2009	Prospective cohort	24	10 M; 14 F	20.90 ± 7.12 (mini-screw) 15.25 ± 3.93 (utility arch)	NR	2, 1.2 × 6 mm	Between lateral and canine	50 gr mini-screw	Overjet; overbite; cephalometric (dental; skeletal)	Mini-screw	13
										Utility arch	11
Senisik, 2012	RCT	45	19 M; 26 F)	20.29 ± 3.12	Class II Division 2	2, 1.3 × 5 mm	Between lateral and canine	90 gr mini-screw; 60 gr CTA	Overjet; overbite; cephalometric (dental; skeletal)	Mini-screw	15
										Connecticut intrusion arch	15
										Control	15
Vela-Hernández, 2020	Retro cohort	44	20 M; 24 F	36.6 ± 4.9	Class I	1/2, both 1.6 × 8 mm	In midline/Between lateral and canine	90 gr per mini-screw	Overbite; cephalometric (dental; skeletal)	One mini-screw	16
										Two mini-Screws	28
Verma, 2020	Prospective cohort	12	NR	29.5 ± 2.1	Class I or Class II Div 1	2, 1.3 × 8 mm	Between central and lateral	30 gr each side	Cephalometric (dental)	Mini-screw	6
										K-SIR loop	6

Abbreviations: M: male; F: female; NR: not reported.