| DPV | Differential pulse voltammetry |
| FTO | Fluorine-doped tin oxide |
| OPOCT | Optofluidic point-of-care testing fluorescence |
| P.1 S protein | SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant spike protein |
| SPR | Surface plasmon resonance |
| S protein | SARS-CoV-2 spike protein |
| WT S protein | SARS-CoV-2 wild-type spike protein |
| WT S protein peptide | SARS-CoV-2 wild-type spike protein peptide |
| WT S protein RBD | SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain of wild-type spike protein |
| ZnONRs | Zinc oxide nanorods |