Table 5.
The available literature on Social Camouflaging (Part 5).
| Ref. | Sample | Methods | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Robinson et al. (2020) [78] |
592 (ASD 268) (F = 404; M = 172; mean age = 36.8 years ± 15.4) | BAPQ; BFI; TEIQue-SF; CAT-Q | Trait EI negatively associated with autistic traits in both autistic and TD samples. Differences between autistic and TD groups in the predictors of camouflaging. |
| Perry et al. (2022) [79] |
ASD 223 (F = 130; M = 53; non-binary or other gender terminology = 39; not to say = 1; mean age 34.19 ± 11.00) | Individualistic Strategy Use; Collective Strategy Use; Stigma Consciousness Scale; CAT-Q; WEM-WBS; RAADS-14 | Higher levels of self-reported camouflaging predicted by higher levels of individualistic and collective strategy use, as well as higher levels of perceived stigma against autism. Autism-related stigma has a negative relationship with mental wellbeing. |
| Hull et al. (2021) [80] |
ASD 305 (M = 104; F = 181; other = 18, from 18 to 75 years) | CAT-Q; BAPQ; LSAS; GAD-7; PHQ-9 | CF score significantly predicts greater scores in measures of generalised anxiety, depression, and social anxiety. |
| Hull et al. (2021) [81] |
ASD 58 (F = 29; M = 29, 13–18 years, mean age 14.48 ± 1.74) | CAT-Q; BRIEF-2; Strange stories; WASI-II; SRS | Fewer executive function difficulties predict greater use of total camouflaging strategies and the compensation subscale, but not the masking or assimilation subscales. |
| Dell’Osso et al. (2022) [82] |
2141 (F = 1415; M = 726) | AdAS spectrum; CAT-Q | Higher presence of camouflaging among individuals in the more severe range of the autism spectrum. |
| McQuaid et al. (2022) [83] |
ASD (502, from 18 to 49 years) | AQ-28; CAT-Q | ASD females report more camouflaging across CAT-Q subscales compared to males. |
| Milner et al. (2022) [84] |
ASD (78), high autistic features but no diagnosis | CAT-Q; SRS-2; FQS; UCLA loneliness scale; | In individuals with ASD, camouflaging significantly predicts a lower psychological quality of life; in the high traits group, it predicts a lower social quality of life. The CAT-Q total score predicts lower social quality of life for high trait males, but not for high trait females. |
BAPQ: Broader Autism Phenotype Questionnaire; BFI: Big Five Inventory; TEIQue-SF: Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire–Short Form; CAT-Q: Camouflaging Questionnaire; WEM-WBS: Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale; RAADS-14: Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale; LSAS: Social Anxiety Scale; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire; BRIEF-2: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition; WASI-II: Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Second Edition; SRS: Social Responsiveness Scale; AdAS: Adult Autism Spectrum questionnaire; AQ-28: the 28-item Autism-Spectrum Quotient; SRS-2: Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition; FQS: Friendship Quality Scale.