Figure 2.

Schematic depiction of therapeutic strategies. (A) and their mechanisms (B) directed against MAGE-A antigens. (A) Many types of MAGE-directed cancer immunotherapy have been developed, including protein or peptide vaccines, DNA or RNA vaccines, cell-based vaccines, and adoptive T cell therapy. (B) The immune response to a cancer vaccine consists of several steps: ① Antigen-presenting cells (APC) capture injected MAGE-As, whether DNA, RNA, or peptides, and present them to stimulate CD8 T cells ② via MHC I, and helper CD4 T cells ③ via MHC II. ④ Activated CD4 T cells coordinate immune responses by communicating with other cells and inducing B cells to differentiate into plasma cells. ⑤ Finally, effector T cells, B cells, antibodies, and some cytokines have either a direct or indirect antitumor effect on cancer cells [50].