Table 1.

Summary of common posttranslational modification types, modification sites, regulatory factors, enrichment modes, and mass shifts in mass spectrometry.

PTM	Modification Sites	Regulatory Factors	Enrichment Modes	Mass Shif (Da)
phosphorylation	serine, threonine, tyrosine	protein kinase; protein phosphatase	titanium dioxide	80
methylation	lysine, arginine	PKMTs, PRMTs	lysine methylation antibody, arginine methylation antibody	14, 28, 42
oxidative modification	methionine, tryptophan	ROS	oxPTMs antibody	4, 16, 32
ubiquitination	lysine	Ubiquitin activator E1, ubiquitin binding enzyme E2 and ubiquitin ligase E3	lysine ubiquitination antibody	>1000, 114 after trypsinisation
acetylation	lysine	p300; SIRT1, SIRT3, SIRT6	lysine acetylated antibody	42
propionylation	lysine	p300, NATs (GCN5, PCAF), MYSTs (MOF, MOZ, HBO1); SIRT1-3	lysine propionylation antibody	56
butyrylation	lysine	p300, HBO1; SIRT1-3	lysine butyrylation antibody	70
malonylation	lysine	SIRT5	lysine malonylation antibody	86
glutarylation	lysine	p300, GNATs (GCN5);	lysine glutarylation antibody	114
		SIRT5, SIRT7
hydroxybutyrylation	lysine	p300	lysine hydroxybutyrylation antibody	86
2-hydroxyisobutyrylation	lysine	p300, MYSTs (ESa1p, Tip60);	lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation antibody	86
		HDAC1-3, Rpd3p, CobB
succinylation	lysine	GNATs (GCN5, HAT1), CPT1A, KGDHC; SIRT5, SIRT7	lysine succinylation antibody	100
crotonylation	lysine	p300; HDAC-3, SIRT1-3	lysine crotonylation antibody	68
lactylation	lysine	p300; HDAC1-3, SIRT1-3	lysine lactylation antibody	72