Table 2.
Main findings in studies performed about flavonoid nano-formulated sunscreens with evident UVA photoprotection.
| Flavonoid | Pharmaceutical Formulation |
Physicochemical Stability | UV Filters |
UV Protection |
PFUVA | UVA:UVB Ratio |
SPF | Antioxidant Activity |
Photostability | Skin Permeation |
Skin Adverse Reactions | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rutin | O/W Emulsion | - | - | Present | 2.4 | 0.78 | 2.94 | Present | Present | Stratum corneum and deeper epidermis | None | [49] |
| O/W Emulsion | - | Avo benzone and octyl dimethyl PABA |
Present | - | - | 70% increase compared with free rutin | 40% increase compared with free rutin | - | - | None | [74] | |
| Nano Emulsion |
127 nm 3.49 mV |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [16] | |
| Chitosan/tripolyphosphate (TPP) NP loaded with flavonoids-enriched vegetable extracts | Encapsulation efficiency = 75.89% | - | Present | 2.0 | 0.69 | - | - | Present | - | - | [126] | |
| Rutin-loaded gelatin NP | Encapsulation efficiency = 51.8% | Ethyl hexyl dimethyl PABA, ethyl hexyl methoxycinnamate, methoxydibenzoyl methane |
Present | - | 0.78 | - | 74% increase compared with free rutin | Present | NP adherence onto skin surface, forming a protective film | None | [127] | |
| Quercetin | Liposomes Lipid nano capsules Smart Crystals® |
179 nm 26 nm 203 nm |
- | Present | - | - | - | More pronounced effect with lipid nano capsule and liposome | - | Lower skin penetration with Smart Crystals® |
None | [123] |
| Silymarin | Solid lipid NP | - | - | Present | - | - | 13.80—in vitro 14.10—in vivo |
- | Present | - | - | [128] |
| Pomegranate | Pomegranate-juice-coated gold NP | 100 nm Stable under extreme conditions of pH value and temperature |
- | Present | - | - | 3–18 | Present | Present | Absent at 1.80 × 10−12–3.60 × 10−12 M [AuNP] | [79] | |
| Lignin | Cellulolytic enzyme lignin NP | Spherical shape | Octo crylene, ethyl hexyl salicylate, butyl methoxydiben zoylmethane, ethyl hexyl triazone |
Present | Five-fold in crease relative to sun screen wi thout lignin nanoparticles |
- | Five-fold increase allowed by the loaded NP | - | - | - | - | [133] |
| Lignin-poly dopamine nano capsule |
Spherical shape | Avo benzone, ethyl methoxycinna mate |
Present | - | - | 195.33 | Present | Present | Stratum corneum | None | [81] | |
| Organic acid lignin nanoparticle | Spherical shape Size < 100 nm Stable in size after 180 days |
- | Present | - | 0.69–0.72 | 2.80–3.53-fold increase | Present | - | Stratum corneum | - | [90] | |
| Lignin nanoparticle (lignin obtained from A. tequilana Weber bagasse by soda and organosolv pulping) | - | Zinc oxide NP | Present | - | 0.7–0.95 | 1.5-fold increase | - | Present | - | - | [134] |
NP: Nanoparticles.