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References
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Participants and Study Protocol
(1. Study Design; 2. Participants; 3. Exercise experience or intervention; and 4. Cognitive tasks; 5. Cognitive functions) |
Main Findings
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| Dai et al. [50] |
Cross-sectional study OSE (n = 16; F:M = 7:9; age: 69.0 ± 3.6 y); CSE (n = 16; F:M = 10:6; age: 69.9 ± 3.6 y); and Control (n = 16; F:M = 14:2; age: 67.3 ± 3.0 y) OSE (table tennis/tennis; experience: ≥30 min/session; ≥3 times/week; ≥3 months; 13.0 ± 5.7 y); CSE (jogging/swimming; experience: ≥30 min/session; ≥3 times/week; ≥3 months; 11.1 ± 4.5 y); and Control (irregular exercise; experience: <30 min/session; <2 times/week; ≥3 months; 0.7 ± 0.6 y) Task-switching paradigm Cognitive flexibility
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(Task-switching paradigm)
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Both OSE and CSE groups had shorter RTs than the control group.
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A larger P3 amplitude of ERP was observed in both OSE and CSE groups than in the control group.
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The OSE group showed additional facilitation effects.
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| Guo et al. [51] |
Cross-sectional study OSE (n = 36; F:M = 19:17; age: 67.6 ± 5.9 y); CSE (n = 38; F:M = 23:15; age: 66.7 ± 5.8 y); and Control (n = 37; F:M = 21:16; age: 66.9 ± 5.9 y) OSE (table tennis; experience: ≥30 min/session; ≥3 times/week; ≥1 year); CSE (jogging/swimming; experience: ≥30 min/session; ≥3 times/week; ≥1 year); and Control (sedentary and inactivity or low activity) Visuospatial working memory task; visuospatial short-term memory task; visuospatial mental rotation task Visuospatial working memory
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(Visuospatial working memory task)
(Visuospatial short-term memory task)
(Visuospatial mental rotation task)
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| Huang et al. [52] |
Cross-sectional study OSE (n = 20; F:M = 9:11; age: 69.4 ± 3.0 y); CSE (n = 20; F:M = 11:9; age: 70.6 ± 2.6 y); and Control (n = 20; F:M = 14:6; age: 68.3 ± 2.3 y) OSE (table tennis/tennis/badminton; experience: ≥30 min/session; ≥3 times/week; ≥3 months; 7.8 ± 1.1 y); CSE (jogging/swimming; experience: ≥3 months; 6.7 ± 2.4 y); and Control (irregular exercise) Eriksen flanker task Inhibitory control
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(Eriksen flanker task)
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| Li et al. [53] |
Cross-sectional study OSE (n = 25; F:M = 10:15; age: 69.0 ± 3.4 y); CSE (n = 25; F:M = 17:8; age: 69.8 ± 3.1 y); and Control (n = 25; F:M = 21:4; age: 67.8 ± 2.9 y) OSE (table tennis/tennis; experience: ≥30 min/session; ≥3 times/week; ≥3 months); CSE (jogging/brisk walking; experience: ≥30 min/session; ≥3 times/week; ≥3 months); and Control (irregular exercise) Stroop color-word interference test, task-switching paradigm Inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility
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(Stroop color-word interference task)
(Task-switching paradigm)
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| Tsai and Wang [54] |
Cross-sectional study OSE (n = 21; F:M = 7:14; age: 65.4 ± 4.2 y); CSE (n = 22; F:M = 8:14; age: 66.0 ± 4.1 y); and Control (n = 21; F:M = 8:13; age: 63.9 ± 3.4 y) OSE (table tennis/badminton; experience: ≥30 min/session; ≥3 times/week; ≥2 years); CSE (jogging/swimming; experience: ≥30 min/session; ≥3 times/week; ≥2 years); and Control (sedentary) Task-switching paradigm Cognitive flexibility
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(Task-switching paradigm)
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Both OSE and CSE groups had shorter RTs and larger P2 and P3 amplitudes of ERP than the control group.
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A relatively smaller specific cost, shorter motor RTs, and larger P3 amplitudes of ERP were observed in the switch condition in the OSE group than in the CSE and control groups.
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| Tsai et al. [55] |
Cross-sectional study OSE (n = 20; F:M = 7:13; age: 65.3 ± 4.1 y); CSE (n = 20; F:M = 6:14; age: 67.0 ± 4.7 y); and Control (n = 20; F:M = 7:13; age: 64.3 ± 3.6 y) OSE (table tennis/badminton; experience: ≥30 min/session; ≥3 times/week; ≥2 years); CSE (jogging/swimming; experience: ≥30 min/session; ≥3 times/week; ≥2 years); and Control (sedentary; experience: <30 min/session; <2 times/week; ≥2 years) Central cue Posner paradigm Visuospatial attention
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(Central cue Posner paradigm)
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| Wang and Guo [56] |
Cross-sectional study OSE (n = 85; F:M = 45:40; age: 66.8 ± 5.5 y); CSE (n = 87; F:M = 49:38; age: 65.5 ± 5.8 y); and Control (n = 87; F:M = 46:41; age: 65.9 ± 6.3 y) OSE (table tennis/badminton; experience: ≥30 min/session; ≥3 times/week; ≥1 year); CSE (jogging/swimming; experience: ≥30 min/session; ≥3 times/week; ≥1 year); and Control (inactivity or low activity and no regular exercise) Attention network test Executive control, orienting, and alerting networks
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(Attention network test)
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The OSE group showed higher executive network efficiency than the CSE and control groups.
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The CSE group exhibited higher executive network efficiency than the control group.
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No difference was observed among groups for alerting and orienting networks.
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| O’Brien et al. [57] |
Intervention study OSE (n = 18; F:M = 17:1; age: 69.2 ± 5.1 y); CSE (n = 19; F:M = 7:12; age: 69.2 ± 4.8 y); and Control (n = 21; F:M = 13:8; age: 70.5 ± 6.9 y) OSE (tennis/aerobics classes/dance classes; intervention: 80 ± 20 min); CSE (swimming/gym circuits; intervention: 70 ± 20 min); and Control (active retired, meeting, card games; intervention: 60 min) Sound-induced flash illusion task and forward digit span task Multisensory perception and memory (immediate memory)
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(Sound-induced flash illusion task)
(Forward digit span task)
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| Tsai et al. [58] |
Intervention study OSE (n = 22; F:M = 0:22; age: 66.9 ± 4.7 y); CSE (n = 21; F:M = 0:21; age: 66.2 ± 4.9 y); and Control (n = 21; F:M = 0:21; age: 65.7 ± 3.5 y) OSE (table tennis; intervention: 40 min/session; 3 times/week; 6 months); CSE (bike riding/brisk walking/jogging; intervention: 40 min/session; 3 times/week; 6 months); and Control (static stretching and balance training; intervention: 6 months) Task-switching paradigm and N-back task Cognitive flexibility and working memory
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(Task-switching paradigm)
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Both OSE and CSE groups had shorter RTs and larger P3 amplitudes of ERP after exercise intervention than the control group.
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RT facilitation during postexercise relative to pre-exercise only emerged in the OSE group.
(N-back task)
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