Table 1.
Summary of the main inhibitors of each molecular target, as reported in every preclinical article.
| First Author | Year | Molecular Target | Analysis/Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Séhédic D. | 2017 | CXCR4 | The study analyzed the efficacy of rhenium-loaded nanocapsules expressing on their surface an anti-CXCR4, function-blocking antibody (12G5-LNC188Re) in an orthotopic in vivo GBM model. | [132] |
| Shaaban S. | 2016 | CXCR4 | The study evaluated whether whole body irradiation (WBIR) or a CXCR4 antagonist (AMD3100) potentiates the efficacy of vatalanib in an orthotopic in vivo GBM model. | [134] |
| Daniele S. | 2021 | CXCR4 | The in vitro study evaluated whether CXCR4 inhibition enhances the sensitivity of glioma cells to MDM2/4 inhibitors. | [135] |
| Wu A. | 2019 | CXCR4 | The study evaluated combination therapy with anti-CXCR4 and anti-PD-1 therapeutic antibodies in an in vivo murine glioma model. | [136] |
| Luo Z. | 2020 | CXCR4 | The study evaluated the efficacy of a novel CXCR4 inhibitor in a in vitro GBM model. | [137] |
| Mercurio L. | 2016 | CXCR4 | The study evaluated the effects of a novel CXCR4 antagonist (Peptide R) against glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo. | [138] |
| Gravina G.L. | 2017 | CXCR4 | The effects of a CXCR4 inhibitor (PRX177561) were evaluated in vitro, on several different glioblastoma cell lines, and in vivo, using a murine xenograft model. | [139] |
| Gravina G.L. | 2017 | CXCR4 | The study evaluated the efficacy of combination therapy with bevacizumab, sunitinib, and an anti-CXCR4 molecule (PRX177561) by using in vitro models as well as in vivo xenograft murine models. | [140] |
| Yang Q. | 2017 | CXCR4 | The in vitro study evaluated the effects of a novel designed CXCR4-inhibiting peptide called NT21MP, derived from vMIP-II, on glioma cell lines. | [142] |
| Liu F. | 2020 | CXCR4 | The study analyzed the effects of the inhibition of miR-21 and/or CXCR4 in vitro on glioma cells and in vivo in murine xenograft glioma models. | [144] |
| Ward S.A. | 2017 | CXCR4 | The study evaluated the therapeutic potential of dual CXCR4 and SHH inhibition in the treatment of medulloblastoma in an in vivo murine model. | [145] |
| Klein S. | 2017 | CXCR4 | The study analyzed the role of CXCR4 in neuroblastoma growth and the therapeutic potential of CXCR4 inhibition in neuroblastoma treatment both in vitro and in vivo. | [146] |
| Gascon S. | 2020 | CXCR4 | The study explored a novel therapeutic strategy for GBM treatment, using non-toxic CXCL12-loaded alginate/chitosan-based nanoparticles. The effects and toxicity of nanoparticles were tested in vitro. | [148] |
| Deng L. | 2017 | CXCL12 | This study evaluated in an orthotopic in vivo model whether OLA-PEG or NOX-A12 enhanced the antitumor effects of anti–VEGF therapeutic agents. | [149] |
| Acker G. | 2019 | CXCR2 | The study investigated the role of the CXCR2 pathway in glioma biology and the therapeutic potential of its inhibition using both in vitro and in vivo models. | [152] |
| Urbantat R.M. | 2022 | CXCR2 | The in vitro study analyzed the proangiogenic pathways following combined treatment with temozolomide and SB225002, a CXCR2 inhibitor, using primary endothelial cells which mimicked the GBM tumor microenvironment. | [153] |
| Dery L. | 2021 | CXCL10, CCL2 and CCL11 | In vitro and in vivo evaluation of three chemoattractants, CXCL10, CCL2, and CCL11, released by a biodegradable hydrogel (GlioGel) to produce a migration of tumor cells toward a therapeutic trap. | [154] |
| Yu-Ju Wu C. | 2020 | CCL5 | Using an in vitro model, this study investigated the mechanisms by which CCL5 facilitates the migratory and invasive activity of human glioma cells. | [155] |
| Lu B. | 2017 | CCL2 | The study evaluated the effects of transfection with a CCL2 siRNA into a human glioma cell line. | [156] |
| Cho H.R. | 2019 | CCL2 | Using a CCL2 inhibitor in an in vivo murine model, the potential value of CCL2 inhibition in combination with anti-VEGF agents in GBM was studied. | [112] |
| Laudati E. | 2017 | CCR5 | The authors investigated in vitro the effects of a CCR5 receptor blockade on microglia-glioma interaction through the use of maraviroc, a CCR5 blocker. | [157] |
| Salazar N. | 2018 | CXCR7 | The study analyzed the safety and efficacy of a single chain FV-human FC-immunoglobulin G1 antibody, X7A, to target ACKR3 in in vivo and in vitro GBM models. | [158] |
| Flores-Toro J.A. | 2020 | CCR2 | This study evaluated the combination of a PD-1 blockade and CCR2 inhibition in anti-PD-1-resistant gliomas using an in vivo murine model. | [113] |
| Wang G. | 2022 | CXCL11 | This in vivo and in vitro study investigated the activity of an oncolytic adenovirus (oAds) expressing the chemokine CXCL11 on the infiltration of CAR-T-cells and the reprogramming of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. | [160] |