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Putative mechanisms of action of gut microbiome–targeted therapeutic interventions in the treatment of obesity and associated CRC. PAMPS: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha; SBAs: secondary bile acids; TMAO: trimethylamine-N-oxide; NOCs: N-nitroso compounds. ↑ Upregulation; ↓ Downregulation.
