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The toothbrushes used in this research. (a) electro-toothbrush (Oral-B, Procter and Gamble, Kronberg, Germany); (b-1) smart toothbrush machine (XiuSolution, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea); (b-2) machine linked to a manual toothbrush, referred to as a smart toothbrush; and (c) manual toothbrush (AIOBIO, Seoul, Republic of Korea).
