Table 1.

Interventions compared in this study.

Arm	Treatment
Control (C)	Periotomes to remove PDL fibers Contra-angle handpiece/turbine with surgical burs to remove periradicular bone Elevators and extraction forceps for luxation
Magnetic Mallet (M)	Magnetic Mallet® handpiece with dedicated tips (EXTR 1, EXTR 2, EXTR 3, EXTR 4, EXTR 5; Osseotouch, Gallarate, VA, Italy) for removing PDL fibers, periradicular bone, and luxation
Piezosurgery (P)	Piezosurgery® handpiece with dedicated ultrasonic tips (EX 1, EX 2, EX 3; Mectron, Carasco, GE, Italy) to remove periodontal ligament fibers and periradicular bone Elevators and extraction forceps for luxation

N.B. For multi-rooted teeth, odontotomy was performed with rotary instruments in all groups. After luxation, if necessary, extraction forceps were used to complete dental extraction. Same post-operative recommendations.