Table 1.
Baseline and peri-operative characteristics of patients stratified by remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) and controls receiving standard care.
| Baseline Characteristics | RIPC (n = 30) | Control (n = 30) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, No. (%) | |||
| Males | 20 (67) | 17 (57) | 0.43 |
| Age, Median (range); years | 54 (29–80) | 49 (33–77) | 0.24 |
| Body Mass Index, median (range); kg/m2 | 29.7 (19.7–41.5) | 29.3 (19.6–48.0) | 0.89 |
| Daily smoking, No. (%) | 8 (27) | 7 (23) | 0.77 |
| Alcohol abuse, No. (%) | 1 (3) | 2 (7) | 0.55 |
| Comorbidity, A No. (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 8 (27) | 5 (17) | 0.35 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 2 (7) | 3 (10) | 0.64 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2 (7) | 3 (10) | 0.64 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.97 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2 (7) | 0 (0) | 0.49 |
| Previous Stroke | 2 (7) | 2 (7) | 1.0 |
| Daily Medicine intake, No. (%) | |||
| Beta-blocker | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.97 |
| Calcium antagonist | 4 (13) | 1 (3) | 0.16 |
| ACE-1/ARB | 3 (10) | 5 (17) | 0.45 |
| NSAID | 4 (13) | 4 (13) | 1.0 |
| Glucocorticoids | 0 (0) | 2 (7) | 0.49 |
| Opioid | 3 (10) | 4 (13) | 0.69 |
| ASA classification, No. (%) | 0.40 | ||
| ASA I | 11 (18) | 10 (17) | |
| ASA II | 14 (23) | 18 (30) | |
| ASA III | 5 (8) | 2 (3) | |
| Preoperative medication, No. (%) | |||
| Antibiotics | 21 (70) | 21 (70) | 1.0 |
| Opioid | 3 (10) | 4 (13) | 0.69 |
| NSAID | 4 (13) | 4 (13) | 1.0 |
| Symptomatic days | |||
| Prior to surgery, median (range) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–5) | 0.82 |
| Surgery | |||
| Duration, min, median (range) | 96 (48–274) | 110 (44–240) | 0.82 |
| Blood loss, mL, median (range) | 150 (20–1200) | 250 (20–1550) | 0.18 |
| Bile leakage, No. (%) | 18 (60) | 13 (43) | 0.20 |
| Propofol, mg, median (range) | 985 (220–1400) | 1022 (399–1550) | 0.77 |
| Analgesia 24 h post-operative | |||
| Acetaminophen | |||
| No. (%) | 12 (40) | 8 (27) | 0.27 |
| mg, median (range) | 1 (1.0–2.0) | 1 (1.0–3.0) | |
| NSAID | |||
| No. (%) | 5 (17) | 5 (17) | 1.0 |
| mg, median (range) | 1000 (400–1600) | 800 (200–1200) | 0.47 |
| Morphine | |||
| No. (%) | 2 (3) | 6 (20) | 0.13 |
| mg, median (range) | 7.5 (5.0–10.0) | 15.0 (5.0–45.0) | 0.08 |
| Clavien–Dindo Classification, No. (%) | 0.80 | ||
| 1 | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | |
| 2 | 7 (23) | 5 (17) | |
| 3a | 2 (7) | 0 (0) | |