Figure 3.

Summary of Ack1-mediated signaling events. Ack1 is activated in response to growth factors, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), and integrin-mediated cell adhesion and is recruited to activated RTKs such as platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), insulin receptor (IR), Mer, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) [2,3,25,28,31]. In cancer cells, Ack1 phosphorylates the tumor suppressor Wwox [3] and facilitates uncontrolled activation of pro-proliferative signals (Akt and AR). A detailed discussion of the signaling pathways can be found in the study by Fox et al. [7].