Table 1.
Burden of Mycobacterium bovis in animals in the MENA region.
| Country | Study Period | Study Design | Population (N) | Tuberculosis (TST, IGRA, ELISA) † | Samples (N) for Active Tuberculosis Testing | Health Status | BTB Identification (Culture, PCR) | Prevalence ¶ of BTB (%) | Typing Method | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | 2007 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (7250) | Tissue (260) | Slaughtered | Culture | 88 (1.2%) | Spoligotyping; MIRU-VNTR | [31] | |
| 2017 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (3848) | Tissue (3848) | Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 59 (1.5%) | Spoligotyping; MIRU-VNTR | [58] | ||
| 2017–2018 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (928) | Tissue (928) | Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 13 (1.4%) | WGS | [21] | ||
| 2017–2019 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (3546) | Tissue (3546) | Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 174 (4.9%) | Spoligotyping | [23] | ||
| 2018–2019 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (516) | 18 (3.5%) | Live | ND | [36] | ||||
| Egypt | 2008–2010 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (3255) Buffalo (2950) | Cattle: 105 (3.2%) Buffalo: 85 (2.9%) |
Tissue (190) Milk (520) Blood (190) |
Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 16 (0.2%) | [59] | |
| 2008–2010 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (1180) | 29 (2.5%) | Tissue (29) | Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 20 (1.7%) | [60] | ||
| 2010–2011 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (3347) | 32 (1%) | Tissue (32) | Live and slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 21 (0.6%) | [61] | ||
| 2013 | Cross-sectional | Cattle | Milk (100) | Healthy | Culture; PCR | 1 (1%) | [62] | |||
| 2014–2015 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (2935) | 63 (2.2%) | Tissue (56) | Slaughtered | Culture | 39 (1.3%) | [63] | ||
| 2008 * | Cross-sectional | Camels (704) | 9 (1.27%) | Tissue (29) | Slaughtered | Culture | 5 (0.7%) | [64] | ||
| 2009 * | Cross-sectional | Cattle (46) | 38 (82.6%) | Milk (23) | Sick | Culture | 1 (2.1%) | [39] | ||
| 2014 * | Cross-sectional | Cattle (422) Buffalo (480) | Cattle: 9 (2.1%) Buffalo: 27 (5.62%) |
Tissue (36) | Slaughtered | Culture | 25 (2.8%) | IS6110 RFLP | [65] | |
| 2015 * | Cross-sectional | Cows (420) | 8 (1.9%) | Milk (8) | Healthy | Culture; PCR | 1 (0.2%) | [42] | ||
| 2018 * | Cross-sectional | Sheep (18) | 4 (22.2%) | Tissue (18) | Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 15 (83.3%) | [38] | ||
| 2009–2013 | Longitudinal | Cows and buffalos (1,186,772) | 1225 (0.1%) | Blood (14) Tissue (34) |
Live and slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 29 (0.002%) | [32] | ||
| 2016–2019 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (2200) Buffalo (1500) | Tissue | Culture; PCR | Cattle 36 (1.6%) Buffalo 18 (1.2%) |
[66] | ||||
| 2018 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (2650) | 63 (2.4%) | Tissue (63) | Healthy | Culture | 47 (1.8%) | [67] | ||
| 2018–2019 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (569) Buffalo (181) | Tissue (30) | Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 9 (1.2%) | [68] | |||
| 2011–2016 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (1570) Buffalo (530) | 74 (3.5%) | Tissue (74) | Slaughtered | PCR | 61 (2.9%) | [69] | ||
| 2017 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (2710) | 215 (7.9%) | Milk (245) | Live | Culture; PCR | 68 (2.5%) | [70] | ||
| 2014 * | Cross-sectional | Cattle (300) | 53 (17.6%) | Blood (65) | Live and slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 13 (4.3%) | [43] | ||
| 2011 | Case report | Mongoose (1) | Tissue (1) | Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 1 | [17] | |||
| 2015–2017 | Longitudinal | Camels (10,903) | 184 (1.7%) | Tissue (184) | Live and slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 112 (1.0%) | [19] | ||
| 2018–2019 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (1464) | Milk (1285); Lymph nodes (179) | Live and slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 127 (8.6%) | [71] | |||
| 2011–2016 | Cross-sectional | Cattle and Buffalo (2100) | 81 (3.8%) | Tissue | Live | Culture; PCR | 61 (2.9%) | MIRU-VNTR | [26] | |
| 2016 * | Cross-sectional | Cattle and Buffalo (6000) | 79 (1.3%) | Tissue | Live and slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 23 (0.4%) | [72] | ||
| 2004–2005 | Cross-sectional | Pigs (745) | Tissue | Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 12 (1.6%) | [20] | |||
| 2019 * | Cross-sectional | Cattle (2600) | 47 (1.8%) | Tissue | Healthy | Culture; PCR | 40 (1.5%) | [73] | ||
| 2006–2008 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (3000) | 108 (3.6%) | Tissue | Slaughtered | PCR | 90 (3%) | [74] | ||
| 2013 * | Cross-sectional | Cattle (3474) | 78 (2.2%) | Slaughtered | ND | [75] | ||||
| 2013–2015 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (7064) | 242 (3.4%) | Tissue | Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 31 (0.4%) | MIRU-VNTR; WGS | [76] | |
| 2020 * | Cross-sectional | Cattle (50) | 50 (100%) | Tissue | TST-positive | Culture; PCR | 45 (90%) | [77] | ||
| 2017 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (2710) | 444 (16.4%) | Blood and milk (444) | TST-positive | Culture; PCR | Blood: 44 (1.6%); Milk: 12 (0.004%) | [33] | ||
| Iran | 2003–2005 | Cross-sectional | Buffalo (140) | Tissue (140) | Slaughtered | Culture | 0 | RFLP | [45] | |
| 2003–2006 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (213) | Tissue (213) | Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 56 (26.3%) | RFLP; MIRU-VNTR; Spoligotyping | |||
| 1996–2006 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (488); Buffalo (140) | Tissue | Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | Cattle: 67 (13.7%); Buffalo: 132 (28.1%) | RFLP; RD-PCR; MIRU-VNTR | [24,25] | ||
| 2016 * | Case report | Deer (1) | Tissue | Dead | PCR | 1 | IS6110 RFLP | [18] | ||
| 2016 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (1700) | Tissue | Healthy | PCR | 44 (8.5%) | [44] | |||
| Iraq | 2009 * | Cross-sectional | Cattle | Milk (68) | Culture; PCR | 7 (10.2%) | [47] | |||
| 2016 * | Cross-sectional | Cattle (300) | Tissue | Slaughtered | Culture | 4 (1.3%) | [46] | |||
| 2015–2016 | Cross-sectional | Cows (119) | 24 (20.2%) | Blood and milk | Live | 42 (35.2%) | [53] | |||
| 2019 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (106); Buffalo (90) | Cattle (12.2%); Buffalo (4.4%) | Live | ND | [34] | ||||
| 2010 | Cross-sectional | Cattle | Milk (102) | Healthy | Culture; PCR | 10 (9.8%) | [52] | |||
| 2016 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (186) | 32 (17.2%) | Live | ND | [78] | ||||
| 2014 * | Cross-sectional | Cattle (28) | 21 (75%) | Slaughtered | ND | [40] | ||||
| 2012 * | Cross-sectional | Cows (850) | 206 (24.2%) | Serum (260), Milk (45), swab nasal (45), tissue samples (98), from cattle | Live and slaughtered | Culture | 100 (11.8%) | [35] | ||
| 2016 * | Cross-sectional | Cattle (21) | 4 (19%) | Live | ND | [79] | ||||
| Morocco | 2014–2015 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (8658) | Tissue | Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 144 (1.7%) | Spoligotyping | [48] | |
| 2018 * | Cross-sectional | Cattle (1087) | 222 (20.4%) | Live | ND | [80] | ||||
| 2000–2001 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (78) | Tissue | Slaughtered | Culture | 40 (51.3%) | [49] | |||
| 1990 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (246) | 114 (46.3%) | Blood and Tissue | Live and slaughtered | Culture | 73 (29.7%) | [81] | ||
| Sudan | 2007–2009 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (6680) | Tissue | Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 12 (0.2%) | [50] | ||
| 2002 * | Cross-sectional | Cattle (120) | Lymph nodes and tissue | Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 25 (20.8%) | IS6110 RFLP | [51] | ||
| Turkey | 2019 * | Case report | Cat (1) | Tissue | Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 1 | [16] | ||
| 2008 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (145) | Milk (145) | Live | Culture; PCR | 1 (0.7%) | Spoligotyping | [82] | ||
| 2011–2012 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (5018) | Tissue (95) | Slaughtered | Culture | 32 (0.6%) | Spoligotyping; MIRU-VNTR | [83] | ||
| 2005 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (210) | 3 (1.4%) | Nasal (198); Milk (146) | Live | PCR | 3(1.42%) | [37] | ||
| 2017–2018 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (ND) | Lymph nodes and tissue | Slaughtered | Culture | 38 (ND) | EIRC-PCR; RAPD-PCR; OUT-PCR; Spoligotyping | [84] | ||
| Tunisia | 2005–2006 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (102) | Milk (306) | TST-positive | Culture; PCR | 5 (4.9%) | IS6110 RFLP; Spoligotyping; MIRU-VNTR | [85] | |
| 2014–2015 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (149) | Tissue (149) | Slaughtered | Culture | 96 (64.4%) | IS6110 RFLP; Spoligotyping; MIRU-VNTR | [86] | ||
| 2010–2011 | Cross-sectional | Cattle (100) | 48 (48%) | Tissue (100) | Slaughtered | Culture; PCR | 27 (27%) | Spoligotyping; MIRU-VNTR | [41] |
* Date of publication; † Based on interferon gamma release assay, ELISA, or tuberculin skin test (TST). If different methods were used, we adopted the results of the TST; ND, Not Determined; MIRU-VNTR, Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units—Variable Number of Tandem Repeats; MLVA, Multiple Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeats Analysis; ETR, Exact Tandem Repeats; RFLP-PCR, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism-PCR; WGS: Whole Genome Sequencing. ¶ Prevalence = n of M. bovis infected cases/n of total population.