Table 2.
Burden of Mycobacterium bovis among humans in the MENA region.
| Country | Study Period | Study Design | Population (N) | Samples (N) for Active Tuberculosis Testing | Health Status | Identification Method | Prevalence ¶ of BTB (%) | Typing Method | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | 2015–2018 | Cross-sectional | ND (98) | Sputum (98) | Pulmonary TB | 4 (4.3%) | WGS | [98] | |
| 2017–2019 | Cross-sectional | ND (1952) | Sputum (51), Bronchial aspiration fluids (7); Gastric aspirations (25); Extra-pulmonary specimens (32) |
TB patients | Culture; PCR | 7 (0.3%) | Spoligotyping; PhyloSNP |
[23] | |
| Egypt | 1998–2000 | Cross-sectional | ND (67) | Cerebrospinal fluid (67) | Meningitis patients | 1 (1.5%) | IS6110 RFLP; Spoligotyping |
[88] | |
| 2010–2011 | Cross-sectional | ND (42) | Sputum (42) | TB patients | Culture; PCR | 0 | [61] | ||
| 2013 | Cross-sectional | Dairy workers | Hand swab (50) | Healthy | Culture; PCR | 0 | [62] | ||
| 2007 * | Cross-sectional | ND (45) | Sputum (45) | Pulmonary TB | PCR | 1 (2.2%) | IS6110 RFLP; Spoligotyping |
[89] | |
| 2009 * | Cross-sectional | Farm workers (15) | Sputum (15) | Healthy | Culture | [39] | |||
| 2015 * | Cross-sectional | Farm workers (25) | Sputum (25) | Healthy | Culture; PCR | 1 (4%) | [42] | ||
| 2018 * | Cross-sectional | Farm workers (10) | Blood (10) | Healthy | Culture; PCR | [38] | |||
| 2015–2017 | Longitudinal | Humans in contact with camels (48) | Sputum (48); Serum (48) | Healthy | Culture; PCR | 0 | [19] | ||
| 2018–2019 | Cross-sectional | Farm workers (149) | Sputum (149) | Healthy | Culture; PCR | 8 (5.3%) | [71] | ||
| 2016 * | Cross-sectional | ND (10) | Sputum (3) | Diagnosed human | Culture; PCR | 0 | [72] | ||
| 2020 * | Cross-sectional | ND | Sputum (10) | Tuberculin test positive | Culture; PCR | 90% | Sequencing (Mpb70 genes) | [77] | |
| Iran | 2009 | Cross-sectional | ND | Mycobacteriology bank in MRC (60) | Culture | 1 (1.7%) | MIRU-VNTR Spoligotyping |
[99] | |
| 2004–2005 | Cross-sectional | ND (165) | Positives isolates (156) | TB patients | 15 (9.7%) | IS6110-RFLP MIRU-VNTR ETR-VNTR |
[100] | ||
| 1995–2004 | Cross-sectional | ND (30) | Serum (30) | Patients with disseminated BCG disease | 17 (56.6%) | [101] | |||
| 2016 | Case report | ND (1) | Tissue | Brain tuberculoma | PCR | 1 | [102] | ||
| Iraq | 2016 * | Cross-sectional | ND (186) | Sputum (186) | Healthy | Culture | 2 (1.1%) | [46] | |
| 2012 * | Cross-sectional | Farm workers and veterinary doctors (25) | Sputum (25); Serum (25) | Healthy | Culture | 2 (8%) | [35] | ||
| Lebanon | 2004–2005 | Cross-sectional | Workers and veterinary doctors (60) | Sputum (60) | Pulmonary TB | Culture; PCR | 2 (3.3%) | Spoligotyping | [93] |
| 2015–2017 | Cross-sectional | ND (13) | Clinical samples (13) | Suspected TB patients | Culture | 2 (15.4%) | IS6110 insertion; Spoligotyping; MIRU-VNTR; WGS | [103] | |
| 2016–2017 | Cross-sectional | ND (1104) | Clinical samples (1104) | TB patients | Culture; PCR | 12 (1.1%) | Spoligotyping; MIRU-VNTR; Deeplex-TB | [90] | |
| Morocco | 2000–2001 | Cross-sectional | ND (200) | Sputum (200) | Suspected TB patients | Culture | 18 (17.8%) | [49] | |
| 2011 * | Case report | ND (1) | Gastric specimen | Patient with erythema nodosum | Culture | 1 | [104] | ||
| Palestine | 2005–2010 | Cross-sectional | ND (53) | Sputum (53); Smears (31) | TB patients | Culture | 2 (3.7%) | Spoligotyping MIRU-VNTR |
[105] |
| Djibouti | 1999 | Cross-sectional | ND (153) | Lymph nodes (196) | Patients with adenopathy | Culture | 1 (0.7%) | [106] | |
| 1997–2011 | Cross-sectional | ND (411) | Sputum (411) | Suspected TB patients | Culture | 1 (0.2%) | Spoligotyping; VNTR-MLVA; WGS | [107] | |
| Saudi-Arabia | 2002–2005 | Cross-sectional | ND (1505) | Clinical isolates (1505) | Healthy | Culture | 13 (0.9%) | Spoligotyping; MIRU-VNTR | [108] |
| 2014–2016 | Cross-sectional | ND (2092) | Extrapulmonary clinical isolates (1003); Pulmonary clinical isolates (1089) | TB patients | Culture | Extrapulmonary: 119 (11.8%); Pulmonary: 32 (2.9%) | MIRU-VNTR | [109] | |
| Sudan | 1998–1999 | Cross-sectional | ND (105) | Sputum (105) | TB patients | PCR | 1 (0.9%) | Spoligotyping | [110] |
| Turkey | 2007–2010 | Cross-sectional | ND (188) | Clinical samples (188) | TB patients | Culture; PCR | 8 (4.3%) | [87] | |
| 2011–2012 | Cross-sectional | ND (10) | Sputum (10) | TB patients | Culture | 5 (50%) | Spoligotyping; MIRU-VNTR | [83] | |
| 2015 * | Case report | ND (1) | Tissue sample | NEMO-deficient patient | Culture; PCR | 1 | GenoType MTBC; Spoligotyping | [111] | |
| 2007–2010 | Cross-sectional | ND (2436) | Clinical samples (188) | TB patients | PCR | 8 (0.3%) | GenoType MTBC | [87] | |
| 2016 | Case report | Slaughterhouse worker (1) | Clinical sample | Skin lesion | Culture | 1 | GenoType MTBC | [112] | |
| 1996 * | Case report | Slaughterhouse worker (1) | Clinical sample | Flexor Tenosynovitis | Culture | 1 | [113] | ||
| 2007 * | Cross-sectional | ND (60) | Sputum (60) | TB patients | PCR | 8 (13.3%) | [114] | ||
| 2004–2014 | Cross-sectional | ND (220) | Clinical samples (220) | TB patients | Culture | 3 (1.4%) | Genotyping MTBC | [115] | |
| 2009–2014 | Cross-sectional | ND (482) | Clinical samples (482) | Pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB patients | Culture | 13 (2.7%) | Spoligotyping | [94] | |
| Tunisia | 2014–2018 | Case report | ND (4) | Tissue (4) | Spondylodiscitis patients | Culture; PCR | 4 | [116] | |
| 2009–2013 | Cross-sectional | ND (181) | Tissues (181) | Patients with adenopathy | Culture | 4 (2.2%) | [91] | ||
| 2013 | Cross-sectional | ND (174) | Lymph node (174) | Patients with adenopathy | Culture; PCR | 60 (34.4%) | [117] | ||
| 2013–2015 | Cross-sectional | ND (170) | Lymph nodes biopsy (144); Pus and abscess (10); Cerebrospinal fluid (8); Pleural fluid (1); Tissue (5); Bone scarping (2) | TB patients | Culture; PCR | 157 (92.4%) | [92] |
* Date of publication; If both were used, we adopted the results of the interferon gamma release assay; ND, Not Determined; MIRU-VNTR, Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units—Variable Number of Tandem Repeats; MLVA, Multiple Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeats Analysis; ETR, Exact Tandem Repeats; RFLP-PCR, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism-PCR; WGS: Whole Genome Sequencing. ¶ Prevalence = n of M. bovis infected cases/n of total population.