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. 2023 Mar 18;12(6):930. doi: 10.3390/cells12060930

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Culture of human-induced pluripotent stem cells in the 2D culture system and differentiation into 3D organoids. Somatic cells are isolated from a human patient, cultured in vitro, and transduced by pluripotency transcription factors, such as OCT-4, SOX-2, KLF-4, and c-MYC. Through reprogramming that induces a pluripotent state in somatic cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are generated. Cells are cultured and differentiated under specific factors and matrices to generate organoids. Created with BioRender.com, accessed on 23 July 2022.