Table 3.
Multivariable logistic regression analysis exploring risk factors associated with ED visits for MHDs in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
| COVID-19 Period | OR | Std. Err. | z | p > |z| | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (female versus male) | 1.15 | 0.14 | 1.13 | 0.26 | 0.90 | 1.47 |
| Age | 1.01 | 0.003 | 1.88 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 1.01 |
| Ethnicity (Italians versus others) | 2.64 | 0.52 | 4.93 | <0.001 | 1.79 | 3.88 |
| Comorbidity | 0.74 | 0.09 | −2.34 | 0.02 | 0.58 | 0.95 |
| Transferred by another hospital | 0.29 | 0.07 | −5.08 | <0.001 | 0.18 | 0.47 |
| Time of symptom onset | 0.99 | 0.001 | −2.13 | 0.03 | 0.994 | 1.00 |
| Onset of MHDs (“First contact” ED visit versus no previous psychiatric history) |
2.14 | 0.27 | 6.07 | <0.001 | 1.67 | 2.74 |
| Use of our secure room/security guard system at ED | 0.93 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.70 | 0.64 | 1.35 |
| Self-harm | 0.87 | 0.13 | −0.95 | 0.34 | 0.64 | 1.16 |
| Suicidal Ideation | 1.08 | 0.19 | 0.42 | 0.68 | 0.76 | 1.52 |
| Attempted suicide | 1.74 | 0.40 | 2.43 | 0.015 | 1.11 | 2.71 |
| Psychomotor agitation | 0.70 | 0.10 | −2.57 | 0.01 | 0.53 | 0.92 |
| Need for hospitalization | 1.55 | 0.21 | 3.22 | 0.001 | 1.19 | 2.03 |
| Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | 0.63 | 0.17 | −1.75 | 0.08 | 0.37 | 1.06 |
| Mood Disorders | 1.02 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.88 | 0.75 | 1.40 |
| Anxiety Disorders | 0.47 | 0.12 | −3.02 | 0.003 | 0.28 | 0.77 |
| Eating Disorders | 0.93 | 0.21 | −0.33 | 0.74 | 0.60 | 1.43 |
| Constant | 0.31 | 0.19 | −1.91 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 1.03 |
OR—odds ratio; Std. Err.—standard errors associated with the OR; z and p > |z|—these columns provide the z-value and 2-tailed p-value used in testing the null hypothesis that the coefficient (parameter) is 0; 95% CI—this shows a 95% confidence interval.