Table 1.
Handwriting product and process characteristics according to age and gender.
| Age 7 n = 43 |
Age 8 n = 14 |
p-Value | Boys n = 22 |
Girls n = 35 |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HQ a | 21.72 ± 5.84 | 22.36 ± 6.13 | 0.73 | 22.95 ± 6.85 | 21.20 ± 5.14 | 0.28 |
| HS a | 145 ± 35 | 135 ± 51 | 0.40 | 141 ± 30 | 144 ± 44 | 0.83 |
| NS b | 18.0 (16) | 22.5 (9.00) | 0.38 | 23.0 (13) | 17.0 (17) | 0.04 * |
| RT b | 2.39 (3.52) | 2.94 (3.86) | 0.88 | 2.84 (3.64) | 2.32 (3.55) | 0.17 |
| DT b | 0.27 (0.11) | 0.26 (0.18) | 0.58 | 0.28 (0.12) | 0.27 (0.11) | 0.60 |
| RPDD b | 0.12 (0.38) | 0.13 (1.00) | 0.60 | 0.13 (0.53) | 0.13 (0.38) | 0.97 |
| APP a | 401 ± 145 | 363 ± 202 | 0.45 | 361 ± 164 | 410 ± 157 | 0.27 |
| VS b | 0.17 (0.13) | 0.23 (0.22) | 0.73 | 0.17 (0.14) | 0.19 (0.16) | 1.00 |
| HZS b | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.14 (0.13) | 0.52 | 0.12 (0.10) | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.86 |
| RL b | 0.28 (0.18) | 0.39 (0.43) | 0.40 | 0.29 (0.31) | 0.30 (0.31) | 0.76 |
| SL b | 1.36 (0.22) | 1.30 (0.27) | 0.53 | 1.27 (0.23) | 1.36 (0.22) | 0.03 * |
| AAV a | 1.06 ± 0.51 | 1.03 ± 0.58 | 0.86 | 1.02 ± 0.56 | 1.08 ± 0.51 | 0.70 |
Note: * Significant at p < 0.05. a Values expressed in mean ± standard deviation; p-values of independent-samples t-test. b Values expressed in median (interquartile range); p-values of Mann–Whitney U Test. HQ = handwriting quality; HS = handwriting speed; NS = number of strokes; RT = reaction time; DT = duration; RPDD = relative pen-down duration; APP = average pen pressure; VS = vertical size; HZS = horizontal size; RL = road length; SL = slant; AAV = average absolute velocity.