Table 2.
The main microbial species found to reduce pesticide levels in milk, yogurt, and cheeses.
| Source | Species and Strain | Pesticide | Reduction | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egypt Ras cheese, milk |
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus,
Streptococcus thermophilus, yeasts |
DDT | 40.6% at 0.1 mg/kg fat 33.9% at 1.0 mg/kg fat 25.5% at 10.0 mg/kg fat |
[73] |
| Yogurt, cheese | Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Lacticaseibacillus casei, S. thermophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum | α-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), γ-HCH, β-chlordane, α-chlordane | 37.0–50.9% after 12 h at 20 μg/kg for all |
[85] |
| Fermented beverages from cow and goat milk (bio-yogurts) |
L. acidophilus LA-5, Bif. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 |
αHCH, βHCH, γHCH, 1,1-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (pp’DDE), 1-chloro-4-[2,2-dichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl) ethyl] benzene, 1,1′-(2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diyl) bis(4-chlorobenzene) | up to 48.6% (heptachlor) and 54.7% (pp’DDE) in goat milk bio-yogurts after 14 days of cold storage when both cultures were used (synergistic effect) | [86] |
| Yogurt |
L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus,
S. thermophilus |
Dimethoate, fenthion, malathion, methyl parathion, monocrotophos, phorate, trichlorphon | 9.2–17.1% after 4 h at 1.5 mg/kg for all except malathion |
[77] |
| Milk | L. plantarum CICC20261 | Dimethoate | 81.28% at 50 mg/kg for 24 h |
[87] |
| Skimmed milk | L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, Lc. casei, Lc. rhamnosus, S. thermophilus | Chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos, fenthion, malathion, phorate, pirimiphos-methyl, trichlorphon | up to 64.6% for dichlorvos with L. bulgaricus at 1 mg/kg for 24 h |
[88] |
| Skimmed milk | Lp. plantarum strains 1.0317, 1.0624, 1.0315, 1.066, Levilactobacillus brevis 1.0209, Lactobacillus helveticus strains 1.0203 and 1.9204, Lactobacillus lactis 4.0611, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus L6, S. thermophilus 3.0503 | Chlorpyrifos, diazinon, fenitrothion, malathion, methyl parathion | ≈50% at 0.6 mg/kg diazinon for 24 h with Lev. brevis 1.0209 |
[89] |
| Skimmed milk | L. bulgaricus, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Lp. plantarum | Dimethoate, fenthion, malathion, methyl parathion, monocrotophos, phorate, trichlorphon | from 20.9% (methyl parathion with Lc. paracasei) to 46.9% (malathion with Lp. plantarum) at 1.2 mg/kg for 24 h | [90] |