Table 1.

Pro-oxidant compounds in bulk oil and oil-in-water emulsion.

Pro-Oxidant Compound	Mechanism of Pro-Oxidant Effect	Reference
Transition metals (copper and iron)	Decomposing lipid hydroperoxides into free radicals	Mancuso et al. [14]
Singlet Oxygen	Directly attaching to the double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids to form lipid hydroperoxides	Min and Boff [15]
Free fatty acids	Attracting transition metals to the oil droplet surface when the pH of the emulsion is higher than the pKa of free fatty acids	Waraho et al. [16]
Phospholipids	Attracting transition metals to the emulsion droplet surface	Chen et al. [17]
Ascorbic acid	Donating an electron to Fe3+ to form Fe2+ [18]	Jayasinghe et al. [18]
Carotenoids	Reaction of carotene peroxy radical with 3O2 and lipid molecules to produce lipid alkyl radicals	Iannone et al. [19]