Table 3.

Effects and heterogeneity for comparisons between studies.

			Effects		Heterogeneity
Outcome	Study Design	SAMPLE SIZE	SMD (IV, Random, 95%CI)	p	I2 (%)	p
Quality of life	Controlled group (n = 4)	139	2.08 [−0.33, 4.49]	0.09	96	<0.00001
	Pre/posttest group (n = 5)	74	0.86 [0.06, 1.67]	0.04	79	0.0002
	Total (n = 9)	213	1.26 [0.33, 2.20]	0.008	91	<0.00001
Psychological well-being	Controlled group (n = 4)	202	1.69 [−0.45, 3.83]	0.12	97	<0.00001
	Pre/posttest group (n = 1)	6	0.46 [−0.69, 1.62]	0.43	-	-
	Total (n = 5)	208	1.40 [−0.32, 3.12]	0.11	96	<0.00001
Depression	Controlled group (n = 3)	166	1.17 [−0.35, 2.70]	0.13	95	<0.00001
	Pre/posttest group (n = 4)	59	0.42 [0.05, 0.78]	0.03	0	0.82
	Total (n = 7)	225	0.70 [−0.03, 1.42]	0.03	85	<0.00001
Anxiety	Controlled group (n = 2)	94	0.88 [−0.82, 2.58]	0.31	93	0.0002
	Pre/posttest group (n = 1)	5	1.74 [0.16, 3.32]	0.03	-	-
	Total (n = 3)	99	1.10 [−0.24, 2.45]	0.11	87	0.0004
Trauma-related disorders	Controlled group (n = 1)	46	0.14 [−0.46, 0.74]	0.65	-	-
	Pre/posttest group (n = 3)	123	0.90 [0.52, 1.28]	<0.00001	36	0.21
	Total (n = 4)	169	0.70 [0.23, 1.17]	0.003	66	0.03
Communication skills	Controlled group (n = 3)	86	1.11 [−0.68, 2.90]	0.22	92	<0.00001
	Pre/posttest group (n = 1)	5	4.98 [1.91, 8.04]	0.001	-	-
	Total (n = 4)	91	1.76 [−0.06, 3.57]	0.06	91	<0.00001
Cognitive functioning	Controlled group (n = 3)	123	1.58 [0.62, 2.54]	0.001	81	<0.00001
	Pre/posttest group (n = 4)	66	3.47 [−1.02, 7.97]	0.13	98	0.006
	Total (n = 7)	189	2.50 [0.77, 4.23]	0.005	96	<0.00001
Self-regard	Controlled group (n = 2)	92	2.83 [−0.90, 6.56]	0.14	96	<0.00001
	Pre/posttest group (n = 3)	123	0.39 [0.14, 0.65]	0.002	0	0.83
	Total (n = 5)	215	1.40 [−0.06, 2.86]	0.06	95	<0.00001