Table 4.

Entropy indicators according to [30].

Environmental, social and economic phenomena, low-entropy nature-based solutions and entropy indicators.	Entropy Indicator	Low Entropy Nature-Based Solutions	Internal entropy indicators	Ecological Complexity	Social Complexity	Structural/Physical Complexity	External entropy indicators	Biosphere/Regional Complexity
	Urban heat island	green roofs, tree plantations, parks		n° of species, n° of trees, covered area	People and enterprises involved	Internal or local T variation		Urban heat island, energy cost, CO2 emission
	Urban storm water	SUDS		n° and typology of SUDS	People and water enterprises	% Infiltration or stored water		Outlet flooding, global runoff
	Urban storm water	phytoremediation plants, wetlands		n° and typology of species, local freshwater ecosystems health status	People and water enterprises	Re-used water		Health status of receiving freshwater and sea ecosystems, CO2 emission
	Biodiversity loss	Diffused green and blue areas		n° of species, n° of trees, covered area	n° and typology of visitors and residents	spatial distribution of land uses		Landscape connectivity
	Sedentary and stressful jobs, traffic, pollution	Blue and green areas		n° of species, n° of trees. covered area	n° and typology of visitors and residents	spatial distribution of land uses, local air quality variation		Extra-urban trips, CO2 emission, regional health system cost
	Economic crisis, aging of buildings	Blue and green areas		n° of species, n° of trees. covered area	n° and typology of residents and tourists, enterprises involved	spatial distribution of land uses		Geographic distribution of visitors
	Social degradation	Blue and green areas		n° of species, n° of trees. covered area	n° and typology of visitors and residents, n° of crimes	spatial distribution of land uses		Socio-ecological issues in countries and ecosystems related with unresponsive and unconscious city resource consumption
	Increased food necessity, overpopulation	Urban gardens		n° of species, n° of trees. covered area	People and enterprises involved	spatial distribution of urban gardens		Imported food, CO2 emission