Table 2.
Representative antioxidant peptides (AOPs) isolated from various species of amphibians.
| Peptides | Species (Common Name) |
Assay(s) | Amino Acid Sequence | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andersonin-C1 |
Odorrana margaretae (Green odorous frog) |
– | TSRCIFYRRKKCS | [26] |
| Andersonin-G1 |
Odorrana andersonii (Golden crossband frog) |
– | KEKLKLKAKAPKCYNDKLACT | [26] |
| Andersonin-H3 |
Odorrana margaretae (Green odorous frog) |
– | VAIYGRDDRSDVCRQVQHNWLVCDTY | [26] |
| Antioxidin-RP1 |
Rana pleuraden (Yunnan pond frog) |
ABTS (at 80 μg/mL of peptide): 95.9 ± 4.7% *, DPPH (at 80 μg/mL of peptide): 96.9 ± 5.1% *, NO (at 80 μg/mL of peptide): 66.4 ± 9.8% *, FRAP (at 80 μg/mL of peptide, 700 nm): 0.41 ± 0.007. | AMRLTYNKPCLYGT | [68] |
| APBSP |
Rana catesbeiana Shaw (American bullfrog) |
DPPH (at 1.5 mg/mL of peptide): 16.6–58.6% *, Hydroxyl radical (at 1.5 mg/mL of peptide): 32.8–75.2% *, Superoxide radical (at 1.5 mg/mL of peptide): 10.9–51.5% *, Peroxyl radical (at 1.5 mg/mL of peptide): 36.0–59.7% *. | LEELEEELEGCE | [10] |
| Cathelicid-OA1 |
Odorran andersonii (Golden crossband frog) |
ABTS (at 4–32 μM of peptide): ~12.5–90% *, DPPH (at 128 μM of peptide): ~90% *. |
IGRDPTWSHLAASCLKCIFDDLPKTHN | [47] |
| Nigroain-B-MS1 |
Hylarana maosuoensis (Maoson frog) |
ABTS (at 50 μM of peptide): 68.3% *, DPPH (at 50 μM of peptide): 99.7% *. | CVVSSGWKWNYKIRCKLTGNC | [46] |
| Nigroain-C-MS1 |
Hylarana maosuoensis (Maoson frog) |
ABTS (at 50 μM of peptide): 58.3% *, DPPH (at 50 μM of peptide): 99.8% *. | FKTWKNRPILSSCSGIIKG | [46] |
| OA-VII2 |
Odorrana andersonii (Golden crossband frog) |
Index of oxidative damage in vivo (HaCaT cells exposed with UVB irradiation mouse skin, at 0.5–10 μM of peptide): increase of CAT (23.9–54.5%), reduction of LDH (73.5–100.7%), increase of SOD (79.4 ± 2.0%), increase of GSH (67.4 ± 10.1%). | VIPFLACRPLGL | [26,67] |
| OA-GL21 |
Odorrana andersonii (Golden crossband frog) |
ABTS (at 500 µM of peptide): ~70% *, DPPH (at 500 µM of peptide): <10% *. | GLLSGHYGRVVSTQSGHYGRG | [26] |
| OM-LV20 |
Odorrana margaretae (Green odorous frog) |
ABTS: na., DPPH: na., NO (at 1 mM of peptide): 40.1 ± 5.8% *. | LVGKLLKGAVGDVCGLLPIC | [26] |
| OS-LL11 |
Odorrana schmackeri (Schmacker’s frog) |
ABTS (at 1 μM of peptide): 20–30% *, DPPH (at 1 μM of peptide): <10% *. | LLPPWLCPRNK | [26] |
| Pleurain-A1 |
Rana pleuraden (Yunnan pond frog) |
ABTS (at 80 μg/mL of peptide): 74.8 ± 2.2% *, DPPH (at 80 μg/mL of peptide): na., NO (at 80 μg/mL of peptide): 21.1 ± 5.2% *, FCA (at 80 μg/mL of peptide, 700 nm): 0.15 ± 0.04. |
SIITMTKEAKLPQLWKQIACRLYNTC | [26,68] |
| Pleurain-D4 |
Rana pleuraden (Yunnan pond frog) |
ABTS (at 80 μg/mL of peptide): na., DPPH (at 80 μg/mL of peptide): 30.3 ± 12.7% *, NO (at 80 μg/mL of peptide): 35.7 ± 3.6% *, FRAP (at 80 μg/mL of peptide, 700 nm): 0.21 ± 0.02. |
FLSGILKLAFKIPSVLCAVLKNC | [26,68] |
| Pleurain-E1 |
Rana pleuraden (Yunnan pond frog) |
ABTS (at 80 μg/mL of peptide): 6.3 ± 8.5% *, DPPH (at 80 μg/mL of peptide): 69.1 ± 9.6% *, NO (at 80 μg/mL of peptide): 11.5 ± 2.9% *, FRAP (at 80 μg/mL of peptide, 700 nm): 0.29 ± 0.02. |
AKAWGIPPHVIPQIVPVRIRPLCGNV | [26,68] |
| Ranacyclin-HB1 |
Pelophylax hubeiensis (Hubei gold-striped pond frog) |
ABTS (at 50 μM of peptide): 49.3 ± 3.8% *, DPPH (at 50 μM of peptide): 11.6 ± 2.4% *. |
GAPKGCWTKSYPPQPCFGKK | [46] |
| Salamandrin |
Salamandra salamandra (Fire salamander) |
ABTS: 0.3 ± 0.0 Trolox equivalent/mg of peptide, DPPH: 0.1 ± 0.0 Trolox equivalent/mg of peptide). | FAVWGCADYRGY | [27] |
| Temporin-MS1 |
Hylarana maosuoensis (Maoson frog) |
ABTS (at 50 μM of peptide): 21.4 ± 2.2% *, DPPH: na. |
FLTGLIGGLMKALGK | [46] |
* Indicates the percent inhibition or scavenging capacity of radicals used in the assay. ABTS: 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; NO: nitric oxide; FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power; CAT: catalase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GSH: glutathione; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; na.: no activity; –: not specified.