Table 4.
Representative anticancer peptides (ACPs) isolated from various species of amphibians.
| Peptides | Species (Common name) |
Assay(s): Cell Lines | Amino Acid Sequence | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brevinin-2R |
Rana ridibunda (Marsh frog) |
MTT assay (in vitro): Jurkat T-cell leukemia, BJAB B-cell lymphoma, MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma, L929 fibrosarcoma, A549 lung carcinoma. | KLKNFAKGVAQSLLNKASCKLSGQC | [50] |
| Brevinin-1Da |
Rana dalmatina (European frog) |
– | IIPLLLGKVVCAITKKC | [49] |
| Brevinin-1RL1 |
Rana limnocharis (Asian rice frog) |
MTS assay (in vitro): HCT116 colorectal adenocarcinoma (LD50: 5.9 ± 0.2 μM), MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma (LD50: 5.4 ± 0.3 μM), SW480 colorectal adenocarcinoma (LD50: 10.4 ± 0.4 μM), A549 lung adenocarcinoma (LD50: 5.8 ± 0.2 μM), SMMC-7721 hepatocellular carcinoma (LD50: 6.9 ± 0.5 μM), B16-F10 melanomas (LD50: 6.6 ± 0.3 μM), NCM460 colon mucosal epithelial (LD50: 16.8 ± 0.6 μM), BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial (LD50: 16.6 ± 0.3 μM), HaCaT keratinocyte cell (LD50: 28.7 ± 0.4 μM). | FFPLIAGLAARFLPKIFCSITKRC | [92] |
| Dermaseptin-B2 |
Phyllomedusa bicolor (South American tree frog) |
Proliferation and angiogenesis assays (in vitro): PC-3 human prostatic adenocarcinoma (EC50: 2 μM), NIH-3T3 non-tumor mouse (na.). | GLWSKIKEVGKEAAKAAAKAAGKAAGAVSEAV-CONH2 | [93] |
| Dermaseptin-B3 |
Phyllomedusa bicolor (South American tree frog) |
Proliferation and angiogenesis assays (in vitro): PC-3 human prostatic adenocarcinoma (EC50: 3 μM), NIH-3T3 non-tumor mouse (EC50: 0.2–1 µM). | ALWKNMLKGIGKLAGQAALGAVK TLVG-COOH | [93] |
| Dermaseptin-PP | Phyllomedusa palliata | MTT assay (in vitro): H157 human non-small cell lung cancer (IC50: 1.6 μM), MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma (IC50: 2.9 μM), PC-3 human prostate carcinoma (IC50: 4.2 μM), U251 MG human neuronal glioblastoma (IC50: 2.5 μM). MTT assay (in vivo): H157 tumor in nude mice (at 10−4 M induced ~80% LDH release). | ALWKDMLKGIGKLAGKAALGAVKTLV-NH2 | [89] |
| Hymenochirin-1B |
Hymennochirus boettgeri (Congo dwarf clawed frog) |
MTT assay (in vitro): HepG2 and PLC human hepatocellular carcinoma cells; NCIH1299, A549 and H460 human lung cancer cells. Cytotoxicity assay (in vitro): A549 lung adenocarcinoma (LD50: 2.5 ± 0.2 μM), MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma (LD50: 9.0 ± 0.3 μM), HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma (LD50: 9.7 ± 0.2 μM), Hep-G2 hepatocarcinoma (LD50: 22.5 ± 1.4 μM). | IKLSPETKDNLKKVLKGAIKGAIAVAKMV | [94,95] |
| Pseudhymenochirin-2Pa |
Pseudhymenochirus merlini (Merlin’s dwarf gray frog) |
Cytotoxicity assay (in vitro): A549 lung adenocarcinoma (LD50: 6.0 ± 0.6 μM), MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma (LD50: 6.2 ± 0.6 μM), HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma (LD50: 11.5 ± 2.6 μM), HUVEC colorectal adenocarcinoma (LD50: 68 ± 2 μM). | GIFPIFAKLLGKVIKVASSLISKGRTE | [12] |
| Pseudhymenochirin-1Pb |
Pseudhymenochirus merlini (Merlin’s dwarf gray frog) |
Cytotoxicity assay (in vitro): A549 lung adenocarcinoma (LD50: 2.5 ± 0.2 μM), MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma (LD50: 6.6 ± 0.3 μM), HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma (LD50: 9.5 ± 1.3 μM), HUVEC colorectal adenocarcinoma (LD50: 5.6 ± 0.9 μM). | IKIPSFFRNILKKVGKEAVSLIAGALKQS | [12] |
| Temporin-1CEa |
Rana chensinensis (Chinese brown frog) |
MTT assay (in vitro): SMMC-7721 human hepatocellular carcinoma (LD50: 44.9–50.3 μM), BEL-7402 human hepatocellular carcinoma (LD50: 36.9–40.2 μM), Bcap-37 human breast carcinoma (LD50: 37.3–39.4 μM), MDA-MB-231 human breast Caucasian adenocarcinoma (LD50: 55.0–63.3 μM), MCF-7 human breast carcinoma (LD50: 27.8–34.5 μM), LK-2 human squamous cell carcinoma (LD50: 58.3–63.4 μM), A-549 human lung adenocarcinoma (LD50: 52.1–53.3 μM), NCIH446 human small cell lung carcinoma (LD50: 59.4–67.7 μM), BGC-823 human gastric carcinoma (LD50: 55.2–63.2 μM), Hela human cervical carcinoma (LD50: 36.3–43.9), HO-8910 human ovarian carcinoma (LD50: 62.8–66.7 μM), HT-29 human colon carcinoma (LD50: >88.91 μM). Hemolysis assay (in vitro): healthy human blood cell (LD50: 99.08 μM). LDH assay (in vitro): MCF-7 breast cancer (LD50: 40.2–49.1 μM). | FVDLKKIANIINSIF-NH2 | [90] |
| XLAsp-P1 |
Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) |
MTT assay (in vitro): MCF-7 breast cancer (LD50: <5 μg/mL). | DEDDD | [91] |
MTS: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LD50: concentration equal to produce ~50% cell death; EC50: median effective concentration; IC50: maximal inhibitory concentrations.