Table 2.
General characteristics of included studies considering mainly qualitative assessments of saliva.
| Author, Year | Setting | Study Group (F/M); Age | Control Group (F/M); Age | AITD Diagnosis | Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria | Smoking Status | Pharmacological Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ford et al., 1997 [24] | New Zealand | 38 (NR); NR | 93 (NR); NR | GD | Hyperthyroidism | NR | NR | CBZ, 370 MBq 131I |
| Higashi et al., 2011 [25] | Japan | 2 (2/0); 22–43 | 16 (6/10); 22–41 | GD | Diagnosed with GD | NR | NR | Untreated |
| Morawska et al., 2021 [26] | Poland | 25 (25/0); 34.5 (27.8–41.5) |
25 (25/0); 34.3 (27.2–42.0) |
HT | Euthyroid HT who had never been treated with synthetic or natural thyroid hormones or had any other treatments applied, no other diseases | BMI < 18.5 and >25, periodontal disease, candidiasis, inflammation in the oral mucosa, poor oral hygiene, presence of multiple dental deposits, medications on a permanent basis, other than second phase of the menstrual cycle (between the 18th and 25th day), weight-loss diet and significantly changed lifestyle (during 6 months preceding the research), consumption of alcohol not only occasionally and addiction to other stimulants | Non-smokers | Untreated |
| Morawska et al., 2020 [27] | Poland | 45 (45/0); 35 (29–43) |
45 (45/0); 35 (29–43) |
HT | Not any associated diseases, including other autoimmune diseases or depression; Ctrl: normal serum TSH, fT4, anti-TG and anti-TPO levels as well as thyroid imaging (homogenous parenchyma without nodules) on USG | BMI < 18.5 and >25, any drugs that could affect saliva secretion (mainly antidepressants or drugs for hypertension) or its redox status (vitamins, antioxidants) within 3 months prior to saliva collection, reducing diet, periodontitis, gingivitis, active foci of odontogenic infections, any amount of alcohol or other stimulants | Non-smokers | 24 patients treated with LT4 (doses from 50 to 150 mg; the last tablet taken 24 h before the hormone level test) and 21 patients untreated |
| Pelewicz et al., 2020 [28] | Poland | 14 (11/3); NR | NA | GO | Euthyroidism within the last 3 months before the study | Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency, treatment with GCs or medication altering the plasma CBG and serum DHEA-S levels within the last 6 months before the study, medical conditions altering CBG levels | NR | IVMP followed by oral prednisone |
| Rao et al., 2010 [29] | India | 30 (28/2); 28.85 ± 8.83 |
20 (17/3); 31.82 ± 9.39 |
HT | Clinical features of hypothyroidism | Ctrl: existence of any comorbid cardiac, autoimmune, infectious, musculoskeletal, malignant disease, oral disease; recent history of operation or trauma; pregnancy, peri- or postmenopausal age; drug regimen | NR | NR |
| Tumilasci et al., 1996 [30] | Argentina | GD: 8 (NR); NR HT: 10 (NR); NR |
6 (NR); NR | GD, HT | Diagnosed with AITD | NR | NR | LT4 |
| Van Herle et al., 1989 [31] | USA | GD: 21 (NR); NR HT: 9 (NR); NR |
10 (NR); NR | GD, HT | Ctrl: no thyroid disorders; age between 14 and 52 years | NR | NR | NR |
Legend: F, females; M, males; AITD, autoimmune thyroid disease; GD, Graves’ disease; GO, Graves’ orbitopathy; HT, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis; Ctrl, controls; NR, not reported; NA, not applicable; BMI, body mass index; CBZ, carbimazole; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; fT4, free thyroxine; anti-TG, thyroglobulin antibody; anti-TPO, thyroid peroxidase antibody; USG, ultrasonography; LT4, levothyroxine; GCs, glucocorticoids; CBG, cortisol-binding globulin; DHEA-S, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate; IVMP, intravenous methylprednisolone.