Table 1.

Volatile organic compounds detected in the bed bugs and their known functions.

VOCs		Molecular Formula	Chemical Group	Bed Bug Species	Behavioral Role	References
1	Acetaldehyde	C2H4O	Aldehyde	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
				C. lectularius	Alarm	[62]
2	Benzaldehyde	C7H6O	Aldehyde	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[24]
				C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
3	Butanal	C4H8O	Aldehyde	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[65]
4	(E)-2-hexenal	C6H10O	Aldehyde	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
				C. lectularius	Alarm	[62,65]
5	Heptanal	C7H14O	Aldehyde	C. lectularius	Sexual *	[91]
6	Hexanal	C6H12O	Aldehyde	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
7	Octanal	C8H16O	Aldehyde	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[24]
				C. lectularius	Sexual *	[91]
8	Pentanal	C5H10O	Aldehyde	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[65]
9	Propanal	C4H8O	Aldehyde	C. lectularius	Sexual *	[91]
				C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
10	Nonanal	C9H18O	Aldehyde	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[24]
				C. lectularius	Sexual *	[91]
11	Undecanal	C11H22O	Aldehyde	C. lectularius	Sexual *	[91]
12	(E)-heptenal	C7H12O	Aldehyde	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
13	(E)-2-octenal	C8H14O	Aldehyde	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[24,49,65,70,91]
				C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72,76]
14	(E,Z)-2,4-Octadienal	C8H12O	Aldehyde	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[24]
15	3-methylthio-propanal	C4H8OS	Aldehyde	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
16	4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal	C8H12O2	Aldehyde	C. lectularius	Alarm	[76]
17	4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal	C6H8O2	Aldehyde	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
18	Acetophenone	C8H8O	Ketone	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[65]
19	Acetone	C3H6O	Ketone	C. lectularius	Sexual *	[91]
20	Butan-2-one	C4H8O	Ketone	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[62]
				C. hemipterus	Alarm	[72]
21	Geranyl acetone	C13H22O	Ketone	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[24]
					Sexual *	[91]
22	Sulcatone (6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one)	C8H14O	Ketone	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[24]
23	2-octanone	C8H16O	Ketone	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
24	2-hexanone	C6H12O	Ketone	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[65]
25	Acetamide	C2H5NO	Acid	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
26	Hexanoic acid	C6H12O2	Acid	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
27	Phenyl acetic acid	C8H8O2	Acid	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
28	2-methyl propanoic acid	C8H16O3	Acid	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
29	(E)-2-hexenoic acid	C6H10O2	Acid	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
30	(E)-2-octenoic acid	C8H14O2	Acid	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
31	Methyl nonanoate	C10H20O2	Ester	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[65]
32	Ethyl octanoate	C10H20O2	Ester	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[65]
33	Pentyl hexanoate	C11H22O2	Ester	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[65]
34	Benzyl Acetate	C6H5CH2OCOCH3	Ester	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[24]
35	(+) Limonène	C10H16	Terpene	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[24]
					Sexual *	[91]
36	(-) Limonène	C10H16	Terpene	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[24]
				C. lectularius	Sexual *	[91]
37	Verbenone	C10H14O	Terpene	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[65]
38	Decanal	C10H20O	Terpene	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[24]
				C. lectularius	Sexual *	[91]
39	Benzyl alcohol	C6H5CH2OH	Alcohol	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[24,65]
					Sexual *	[91]
40	Diethylene glycol	C4H10O3	Alcohol	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
41	2-ethyl-1-hexanol	C8H18O	Alcohol	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
42	2-propyl-1-pentanol	C8H18O	Alcohol	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
43	2-isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexanone	C10H16O2	Alcohol	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
44	Tetradecane	C14H30	Hydrocarbon	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
45	Azulene	C10H8	Hydrocarbon	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
46	Pyrrolidin-2-one	C4H7NO	Amid	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
47	Tridecane	C13H28	Alkane	C. hemipterus	Aggregation	[72]
48	Dimethyl disulfide	C2H6S2	Organic Sulfur Compound	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[65]
49	Dimethyl trisulfide	C2H6S3	Organic Sulfur Compound	C. lectularius	Aggregation	[65]

*: VOCs detected during sexual activity.