Table 1.
Comparison of conditions when using electronic devices in relation to the presence and absence of digital eye strain among nursing students.
| Digital Eye Strain | p Value * | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Absence | Presence | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Device most used | |||
| Computer | 76 (76.77) | 551 (79.05) | 0.716 |
| Tablet | 2 (2.02) | 8 (1.15) | |
| Smartphone | 21 (21.21) | 138 (19.8) | |
| Daily hours of using device | |||
| Between 1 and 4 | 27 (27.27) | 98 (14.06) | 0.001 |
| More than 4 | 72 (72.73) | 599 (85.94) | |
| Distance of the device from the eyes (cm) | |||
| Less than 30 | 34 (34.34) | 281 (40.32) | 0.104 |
| Between 30 and 50 | 56 (56.57) | 385 (55.24) | |
| More than 50 | 9 (9.09) | 31 (4.45) | |
| Posture when using the device | |||
| Sitting bent over | 44 (44.44) | 470 (67.43) | <0.001 |
| Sitting upright | 52 (52.53) | 210 (30.13) | |
| Laying down | 3 (3.03) | 17 (2.44) | |
| Screen brightness | |||
| Dull | 29 (29.29) | 148 (21.23) | 0.011 |
| Bright | 66 (66.67) | 454 (65.14) | |
| Very bright | 4 (4.04) | 95 (13.63) | |
| Frequency of breaks | |||
| Every 30 min | 22 (22.22) | 203 (29.12) | 0.335 |
| Every 1 h | 17 (17.17) | 105 (15.06) | |
| Every 2 h | 28 (28.28) | 152 (21.81) | |
| Every more than 2 h | 32 (32.32) | 237 (34.00) | |
| Duration of breaks (min) | |||
| Between 1 and 5 | 26 (26.26) | 214 (30.70) | 0.585 |
| Between 6 and 10 | 37 (37.37) | 250 (35.87) | |
| Between 11 and 19 | 24 (24.24) | 174 (24.96) | |
| More than 20 | 12 (12.12) | 59 (8.46) | |
| Use of monitor filters | |||
| No | 68 (68.69) | 525 (75.32) | 0.058 |
| Sometimes | 14 (14.14) | 107 (15.35) | |
| Yes | 17 (17.17) | 65 (9.33) | |
| Use of glasses | |||
| Yes | 36 (36.36) | 349 (50.07) | 0.014 |
| No | 63 (63.64) | 348 (49.93) | |
| Awareness of the 20-20-20 rule | |||
| Yes | 20 (20.20) | 85 (12.20) | 0.041 |
| No | 79 (79.80) | 612 (87.80) | |
| Observance of the 20-20-20 rule | |||
| Yes | 14 (14.14) | 36 (5.16) | 0.001 |
| No | 85 (85.86) | 661 (4.84) | |
* Chi-square test.