Table 4.
Associations between prenatal and childhood exposure to cannabis with childhood behavior, n = 81.
| CBCL Outcome | Prenatal Exposure to Cannabis | Childhood Exposure to Cannabis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not Exposed/ Exposed |
Mean Difference (95% CI) | p-Value | Not Exposed/ Exposed |
Mean Difference (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| Composite scales | ||||||
| Externalizing behaviors | 75/6 | −2.1 (−9.8, 5.6) | 0.59 | 71/10 | 3.5 (−3.4, 10.4) | 0.32 |
| Internalizing behaviors | −10.2 (−20.3, −0.2) | 0.04 | 3.7 (−4.6, 11.9) | 0.38 | ||
| Total problems | −6.0 (−15.4, 3.3) | 0.21 | 2.7 (−4.8, 10.3) | 0.48 | ||
| Syndrome scales | ||||||
| Emotionally reactive | −3.8 (−8.2, 0.7) | 0.10 | 4.0 (−1.1, 9.0) | 0.13 | ||
| Anxious/depressed | −4.5 (−10.0, 1.0) | 0.11 | 2.5 (−1.7, 6.7) | 0.24 | ||
| Somatic complaints | −5.2 (−9.8, −0.6) | 0.03 | 2.3 (−1.2, 5.9) | 0.20 | ||
| Withdrawn | −3.7 (−7.3, 0) | 0.05 | 1.7 (−0.8, 4.3) | 0.18 | ||
| Sleep problems | −1.6 (−5.3, 2.1) | 0.40 | −1.3 (−4.0, 1.4) | 0.33 | ||
| Attention problems | −1.9 (−4.3, 0.4) | 0.11 | 2.0 (−0.1, 4.0) | 0.05 | ||
| Aggressive behaviors | −1.7 (−4.1, 0.7) | 0.17 | 3.2 (0.5, 5.9) | 0.02 | ||
| DSM-oriented scales | ||||||
| Depressive problems | −3.3 (−7.0, 0.3) | 0.08 | 0.3 (−2.7, 3.2) | 0.87 | ||
| Anxiety problems | −2.9 (−8.7, 3.0) | 0.33 | 1.9 (−2.4, 6.1) | 0.39 | ||
| Attention deficit/hyperactivity | −3.3 (−9.4, 2.8) | 0.29 | 8.0 (2.2, 13.7) | <0.01 | ||
| Autism spectrum problems | −3.1 (−7.2, 0.9) | 0.13 | 2.4 (−2.2, 6.7) | 0.33 | ||
| Oppositional/defiant | −2.4 (−5.8, 0.9) | 0.15 | 3.2 (0.2, 6.3) | 0.04 | ||
Abbreviations: CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; CI, confidence interval; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. All models adjusted for maternal age at delivery (years), maternal education (<high school, high school diploma, or some college), maternal race and ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, and all other racial and ethnic groups combined), offspring sex, a non-specified maternal psychiatric diagnosis (yes or no), prenatal exposure to tobacco (urinary cotinine at 27 weeks gestation < LOD or ≥LOD), childhood exposure to tobacco (urinary cotinine at age 5 years < LOD or ≥LOD), and child age at behavioral assessment (years).