Table 7.
Grey correlation between three types of public expenditure on family benefits and the total fertility rate in OECD countries.
| Type | Country | Cash Benefits Expenditure | Family Services and In-Kind Expenditure | Tax Incentive Expenditure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Highest correlation with cash expenditure | United Kingdom | 0.9018 | 0.8463 | 0.5814 |
| Netherlands | 0.8973 | 0.8171 | 0.5438 | |
| Estonia | 0.8678 | 0.7949 | 0.7840 | |
| Spain | 0.8641 | 0.8306 | 0.8257 | |
| Slovak Republic | 0.8490 | 0.7594 | 0.6061 | |
| Poland | 0.8440 | 0.6900 | 0.5156 | |
| Czech Republic | 0.8162 | 0.7894 | 0.6438 | |
| Belgium | 0.7906 | 0.5659 | 0.7179 | |
| Luxembourg | 0.7421 | 0.7318 | —— | |
| Germany | 0.7378 | 0.6951 | 0.7212 | |
| France | 0.6881 | 0.5535 | 0.5166 | |
| Greece | 0.6278 | 0.6238 | —— | |
| Highest correlation between services and in-kind expenditure | Canada | 0.7523 | 0.9082 | 0.6050 |
| Japan | 0.6423 | 0.9085 | 0.7811 | |
| Australia | 0.5766 | 0.7158 | —— | |
| Hungary | 0.5522 | 0.7755 | 0.6910 | |
| Slovenia | 0.5467 | 0.5642 | —— | |
| United States | 0.4501 | 0.7550 | 0.5880 | |
| Highest relevance of tax benefits | Ireland | 0.7119 | 0.5586 | 0.9592 |
| Portugal | 0.6776 | 0.6726 | 0.8643 | |
| Korea | 0.5874 | 0.5865 | 0.9560 |
Note: “—” represents the absence of this type of public expenditure in this country.