Table 2.
Main effects of environmental enrichment in case of prenatal inflammation.
| References | Main Effects of Environmental Enrichment | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| On Mothers | On Offspring | ||
| Schander et al., 2020 [84] | EE reduced - body weight gain in nonpregnant mice; - cholesterol and triglycerides serum levels in pregnant mice;- LPS-induced preterm birth rate and offspring perinatal death (by 40%); - expression of TLR4 and CD14 in the uterus of LPS-challenged mice. EE prevented - LPS-induced increase in corticosterone serum levels; - LPS-induced neutrophil infiltration into the cervix as well as metalloprotease activity in this tissue. EE induced molecular changes in uterus and cervix of LPS-induced preterm birth mice. |
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| Schander et al., 2021 [85] | EE modulated - white blood cell count and its response to systemic LPS administration; - amniotic fluid response to LPS administration, promoting a tolerogenic microenvironment. |
EE prevented the negative influence of intrauterine exposure to an inflammatory environment on physical landmarks (pinnae detachment, lower incisors eruption, eye opening) of the offspring’s development during lactation. | |
| Zhuang et al., 2021 [86] | Long-term exposure to EE - reduced spatial learning and memory impairment (MWM) in aged dams resulting from LPS-induced gestational inflammation; - improved dynamics in hippocampi of LPS-injected dams; - alleviated the accelerated changes in mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy resulting from gestational inflammation in aged mice. |
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| EE on offspring / EE on dams | Connors et al., 2014 [87] | EE prevented - elevations in hippocampal corticosterone level; - decreased glucocorticoid receptor expression in hippocampus; - reductions in social contact (SI) in juvenile male rats treated with LPS in utero. |
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| Rajesh et al., 2016 [88] | Rats of LPS + EE + exercise group showed a significant enhancement in learning and memory performance (MWM), compared with other groups. | ||
| Rajesh et al., 2018 [89] | Rats of LPS + EE + exercise group showed a significant enhancement in dendritic arborization of CA3 hippocampal neurons, compared with other groups. | ||
| Bakos et al., 2004 [90] | EE reversed LPS-induced nucleus accumbens dopamine level decrement. | ||
| Kentner et al., 2016 [91] | EE prevented the LPS-induced reduction of the expression of the EAAT-2 gene in the PFC; EE mitigated LPS-induced downregulation of BDNF in the hippocampus and neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 genes in PFC; colony nesting mitigated LPS-induced spatial and object memory impairment (object-in-place test). |
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| Wu et al., 2020 [92] | EE alleviated LPS-induced memory impairments (MWM) in middle-aged mice. | ||
| Zhang et al., 2022 [93] | EE improved learning and memory performance (MWM) deteriorated by LPS injection; EE reduced protein and mRNA levels of Arc and Syt1 genes in the hippocampus increased by LPS injection. |
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| Zhao et al., 2020 [94] | EE attenuated - recognition memory (object-in-place test) deficits observed in MIA offspring; - social (SI) deficits observed in MIA offspring; - the elevation of plasma corticosterone in MIA offspring. |
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| Zeraati et al., 2021 [95] | EE improved - anxiety-like behavior in LPS offspring treated with water or PTZ compared to control groups (open field; light–dark box); - spatial working memory in LPS offspring treated with PTZ compared to control groups (Y-maze); - recognition ratio in LPS offspring treated with PTZ compared to control groups (novel object recognition test). EE decreased - Seizure scores; - TNF-α and IL-10 levels in the hippocampus of LPS offspring treated with PTZ compared to normal-PTZ LPS offspring. |
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Arc: activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CD14: cluster of differentiation 14; EE: environmental enrichment; EAAT-2: excitatory amino acid transporter; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MWM: Morris water maze; PFC: prefrontal cortex; PTZ: pentylenetetrazol; SI: social interaction test; Syt1: synaptotagmin-1; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4.