Table 6.
Main effects of environmental enrichment in case of inflammation in adulthood.
| References | Main Effects of Environmental Enrichment |
|---|---|
| Mlynarik et al., 2004 [123] | EE prevented - LPS-induced transient decrease in body weight; - LPS-induced increase in plasma and adrenal corticosterone levels. |
| Williamson et al., 2012 [124] | EE increased - density of glial markers within the DG altered by LPS injection; - BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus decreased by LPS injection. EE attenuated hippocampal response to LPS for a subset of cytokines and chemokines. |
| Kawano et al., 2014 [125] | Multisensory early rehabilitation environment reverted - LPS-induced memory impairment (novel object recognition test); - LPS-induced elevation of TNF-a and IL-1b levels in hippocampus. |
| Keymoradzadeh et al., 2020 [126] | EE ameliorated LPS-induced spatial learning and memory impairment (Morris water maze). EE counteracted LPS-induced increase of hippocampal IL-1β levels. EE further augmented LPS-induced increase of the hippocampal IL-10 levels. |
| Keymoradzadeh et al., 2022 [127] | EE counteracted LPS-induced memory impairment (passive avoidance test). EE counteracted LPS-induced increase of IL-6 levels and decrease of BDNF levels in hippocampus. |
| Ji et al., 2017 [128] | EE reverted - LPS-induced hippocampal and non-hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairment (fear conditioning test); - LPS-induced increased hippocampal IL-6 expression. |
| Aranda et al., 2019 [129] | EE rescued - LPS-induced decrement in pupil light reflex, visual evoked potentials, retinal anterograde transport, phosphorylated neurofilament immunoreactivity, myelination, axon and retinal ganglion cell number; - LPS-induced optic nerve oxidative damage and LPS-increased optic nerve inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and IL-1b and TNF-α mRNA. EE counteracted the microglial/macrophage reactivity and astrocytosis observed in LPS group. |
AMPA GluR1: alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid subunit glutamate receptor 1; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; DG: dentate gyrus; EE: environmental enrichment; IL: interleukin; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.