Table 1.
Sociodemographic, tobacco use, and clinical characteristics and their univariate association with NMR among adults who smoke and live with HIV in South Africa.
| Total (n = 561) |
Total with Urine (n = 438) |
Normal NMR (<0.3174) (n = 328) |
High NMR (≥0.3174) (n = 110) |
p-Value | Univariate OR (95% CI) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | |||||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 123 (22) | 95 (22) | 71 (22) | 24 (22) | 1.00 | REF | |
| Male | 438 (78) | 343 (78) | 257 (78) | 86 (78) | 0.98 (0.59, 1.69) | 0.96 | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 38 (31, 46) | 38 (31, 45) | 38 (31, 45) | 37 (30, 46) | 0.63 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.49 |
| Age | |||||||
| <40 | 317 (57) | 247 (57) | 181 (55) | 66 (60) | 0.60 | REF | |
| ≥40 | 243 (43) | 190 (43) | 146 (45) | 44 (40) | 0.83 (0.53, 1.28) | 0.39 | |
| Education | |||||||
| Below 12th grade | 472 (84) | 366 (84) | 281 (86) | 85 (77) | 0.06 | REF | |
| 12th grade or above | 89 (16) | 72 (16) | 47 (14) | 25 (23) | 1.76 (1.01, 3.0) | 0.04 | |
| Employment | |||||||
| Unemployed | 416 (74) | 324 (74) | 243 (74) | 81 (74) | 1.00 | REF | |
| Employed | 145 (26) | 114 (26) | 85 (26) | 29 (26) | 1.02 (0.62, 1.66) | 0.93 | |
| Total monthly family income | |||||||
| ≤1000 R | 234 (42) | 183 (42) | 133 (41) | 50 (45) | 0.44 | REF | |
| >1000 R | 326 (58) | 254 (58) | 194 (59) | 60 (55) | 0.82 (0.53, 1.27) | 0.38 | |
| Tobacco Use Behavior | |||||||
| Heaviness of Smoking Index | |||||||
| Low addiction | 144 (26) | 107 (24) | 82 (25) | 25 (23) | 0.71 | REF | |
| Moderate addiction | 416 (74) | 330 (76) | 245 (75) | 85 (77) | 1.14 (0.69, 1.92) | 0.62 | |
| Cigarettes per day | |||||||
| <10 cigarettes | 277 (49) | 207 (47) | 157 (48) | 50 (45) | 0.74 | REF | |
| ≥10 cigarettes | 284 (51) | 231 (53) | 171 (52) | 60 (55) | 1.10 (0.71, 1.70) | 0.66 | |
| Motivation to quit smoking, median (IQR) | 10 (9, 10) | 10 (8, 10) | 10 (8, 10) | 10 (8, 10) | 0.84 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.21) | 0.51 |
| Quit attempt in the past year | |||||||
| No | 213 (38) | 158 (36) | 111 (34) | 47 (43) | 0.12 | REF | |
| Yes | 348 (62) | 280 (64) | 217 (66) | 63 (57) | 0.69 (0.44, 1.07) | 0.09 | |
| Exposed to secondhand smoke at home | |||||||
| No | 378 (68) | 295 (68) | 221 (68) | 74 (68) | 1.00 | REF | |
| Yes | 181 (32) | 141 (33) | 106 (32) | 35 (32) | 0.99 (0.62, 1.56) | 0.95 | |
| Exposed to SHS at work a | |||||||
| No | 67 (12) | 51 (37) | 42 (40) | 9 (26) | 0.21 | REF | |
| Yes | 113 (20) | 87 (63) | 62 (60) | 25 (74) | 1.88 (0.82, 4.63) | 0.15 | |
| Exhaled Breath CO (ppm) | 15 (9, 22) | 15 (9, 22) | 15 (9, 22) | 17 (9, 23) | 0.27 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.79 |
| Smokescreen baseline analysis | |||||||
| Light | 356 (70) | 274 (70) | 207 (70) | 67 (69) | 0.98 | REF | |
| Moderate | 89 (17) | 67 (17) | 50 (17) | 17 (18) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.96 | |
| Heavy | 65 (13) | 53 (13) | 40 (13) | 13 (13) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.20 | |
| Other Substance Use | |||||||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||||
| No alcohol misuse | 91 (23) | 63 (21) | 41 (19) | 22 (28) | 0.10 | REF | |
| Alcohol misuse | 302 (77) | 236 (79) | 180 (81) | 56 (72) | 0.59 (0.32, 1.06) | 0.07 | |
| Marijuana use | |||||||
| No | 179 (60) | 138 (59) | 100 (58) | 38 (63) | 0.55 | REF | |
| Yes | 120 (41) | 95 (41) | 73 (42) | 22 (37) | 0.79 (0.43, 1.44) | 0.45 | |
| Clinical Characteristics | |||||||
| Current Viral Load | |||||||
| <200 copies/mL | 22 (25) | 18 (25) | 15 (25) | 3 (25) | 1.00 | REF | |
| >200 copies/mL | 65 (75) | 54 (75) | 45 (75) | 9 (75) | 1.0 (0.25, 4.94) | 1.00 | |
| Current CD4+ T cell count | |||||||
| <200 cells/µL | 85 (25) | 69 (25) | 52 (25) | 17 (28) | 0.88 | REF | |
| 200–500 cells/µL | 159 (48) | 138 (50) | 103 (49) | 29 (48) | 0.86 (0.44, 1.73) | 0.67 | |
| >500 cells/µL | 88 (27) | 70 (25) | 55 (26) | 15 (24) | 0.83 (0.37, 1.84) | 0.53 | |
| High Blood Pressure Medication | |||||||
| No | 499 (89) | 391 (89) | 292 (89) | 99 (90) | 0.91 | REF | |
| Yes | 62 (11) | 47 (11) | 36 (11) | 11 (10) | 0.90 (0.42, 1.78) | 0.77 | |
| Current TB | |||||||
| No | 539 (96) | 419 (96) | 313 (96) | 106 (96) | 1.00 | REF | |
| Yes | 21 (4) | 18 (4) | 14 (4) | 4 (4) | 0.84 (0.23, 2.41) | 0.77 | |
| Current Cough | |||||||
| No | 338 (60) | 270 (62) | 200 (61) | 70 (64) | 0.70 | REF | |
| Yes | 223 (40) | 168 (38) | 128 (39) | 40 (36) | 0.89 (0.56, 1.39) | 0.62 | |
a Among those who work (n = 180).