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. 2023 Mar 13;24(6):5465. doi: 10.3390/ijms24065465

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Several modulator molecules linked to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/AMPK/mTORC1/ mTORC2 signaling pathway are demonstrated. Example compounds known to act on AMPK/mTOR and/or mitophagy/autophagy signaling are also shown on the right side. The arrowhead means stimulation, whereas hammerhead represents inhibition. Note that some critical events such as immune activation and/or antioxidant feedback have been omitted for clarity. Abbreviation: AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin; PI3K, phosphoinositide-3 kinase; PKA, protein kinase A; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10; mTORC, mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin complex; MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; mTOR, mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC 1/2, mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1/2.