Table 4.
Longitudinal associations between sleep and psychological aspects of school.
| Study | Sleep Variables | School Experience Variable | Main Findings | Sleep T1 → School Experience T2 | School Experience T1 → Sleep T2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bao et al., 2018 [27] |
Poor sleep quality | School connectedness | A higher level of school connectedness at one time point was negatively and significantly correlated with fewer sleep quality problems at a later time point and vice versa. | r = −0.19 *** | r = −0.18 *** |
| Bauducco et al., 2015 [48] |
Sleep disturbances | Absenteeism | A higher level of absenteeism at one time point was positively and significantly correlated with more severe sleep problems at a later time point. | B = 1.07 * (0.44) | |
| Dunbar et al., 2017 [50] |
Sleep quality | School engagement | Sleep quality at one-time point was predictive of higher school engagement at a later time point. | B = 0.26 *** (0.05) | |
| Sleep duration | No effect was found between sleep duration and school engagement over time. | B = −0.05 (0.03) | |||
| Evers et al., 2020 [24] |
Sleep disturbances | School burnout | Sleep disturbances at one time point were significantly and positively correlated to burnout at a later time point and vice versa. | r = 0.20 *** | r = 0.22 *** |
| Fujimura et al., 2023 [52] |
Sleep onset latency | School avoidance | School avoidance at one time point poses a significant risk for long sleep onset latency at a later time point in females but not in males. | Males: OR: 1.24 [0.91–1.69] Females: 1.55 ** [1.16–2.08] |
|
| He et al., 2022 [53] |
Poor sleep quality | School bullying | Poor sleep quality at one time point was significantly and positively correlated to school bullying at a later time point and vice versa. | r = 0.16 ** | r = 0.11 ** |
| Liu et al., 2021 [25] |
Poor sleep quality | School burnout | Poor sleep quality at one time point was significantly and positively correlated to burnout at a later time point and vice versa. | r = 0.25 *** | r = 0.43 *** |
| Roberts et al., 2002 [54] |
Sleep disturbances | School problems | Sleep disturbances at one time point pose a significant risk for school problems at a later time point, even after controlling for baseline functioning, age, gender, and parental education. | OR: 2.65 *** [1.99, 3.52] |
Note. Sleep T1 → School experience T2 = relationship between the sleep variable measured at one time (T1) point and school experience variable measured at a following time point (T2). School experience T1 → sleep variable T2 = relationship between the school experience measured at one time (T1) point and the sleep variable measured at the following time point (T2). R = correlation coefficient; OR [CI]: odds ratio coefficient and confidence interval in square brackets, B = unstandardized regression coefficient and standard error estimate in parenthesis; *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.