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Main pathophysiological mechanisms of heart and kidney damage in cardiorenal syndrome. ↓ reduced; ↑ increased; AHF, Acute Heart Failure; AKI, Acute Kidney Injury; CHF, chronic heart failure; CKD, Chronic Kidney Disease; CO, Cardiac Output; CVP, Central Venous Pressure; RAAS, Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System; ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species; SNS, Sympathetic Nervous System; VEGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor.
