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. 2023 Mar 10;20(6):4940. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20064940

Table 1.

Domains and description of the indicators of social isolation (adapted from Cornwell and Waite (2009) [12].

Measure Domain Indicator/Description
Social disconnectedness Social network characteristics Social network size
Social network range
Amount of social network members
Average frequency of interaction with network members
Average closeness with network members
Living arrangements Household size
Living alone
Number of friends and family members Spouse or current partner
Number of friends
Number of children
Number of grandchildren
Social participation Attending religious services
Attending meetings of an organized group
Socializing with friends and relatives
Socializing with neighbors
Volunteering activities
Loneliness Emotional loneliness Lack of an attachment figure to rely on
Social loneliness Lack of a larger social network