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. 2023 Mar 29;21:114. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-01858-7

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Modification techniques to facilitate PDEVs as the potential therapeutic nanocarriers. (A) Pharmacological particles directly encapsulated into the PDEVs. (B) Functional ligands effectively loaded onto the surfaces of EVs using a surface modification strategy. (C) Liposome-mediated membrane-fusion approach facilitating the design of advanced engineered PDEVs. (D) Bioactive agent-loaded MOF encapsulated into PDEVs, consequently prompting the targeted delivery of cargoes into recipient cells