Table 4.

Predictors of relapse after de-escalation for patients receiving anti-TNFα and immunomodulator therapy

	Anti-TNFα therapy	Immunomodulator therapy
Frequently observed/apparent stronger association	Elevated CRP level [225, 245, 248, 249, 261, 262], elevated FC levels [225, 227, 245, 263], elevated leucocyte count [225, 227], low hemoglobin level [225, 245], younger age at diagnosis [245, 247, 248], perianal disease [133, 255, 256]	Elevated CRP level, elevated leukocyte or neutrophil count, low hemoglobin level [264]
Less frequently observed/possibly weaker association	Male gender [225], positive smoking status [245, 262], previous anti-TNFα therapy or dose escalation before discontinuation [263], presence of strictures or fistulas [265], higher trough levels (typically ≥ 2 µg/mL) [225, 245, 246]	High-risk disease with perianal involvement [244], younger age [232], male gender [232], short duration of remission [232], greater time without steroids [233], higher doses of azathioprine [237], thiopurine tapering before de-escalation [266], smoking cessation [235], lower or undetectable trough levels of anti-TNF agents in combination therapy [243, 244]

CRP C-reaction protein, FC fecal calprotectin, TNF tumor necrosis factor