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. 2023 Mar 28;13:5029. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31900-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In-vitro succinylation of ECHS1 with succinyl-CoA is competitively inhibited by CoA (a) Schematic diagram of the succinylation of ECHS1 by succinyl-CoA (Su-CoA) and inhibition by CoA. (b) Western blot of human recombinant ECHS1 using native gel electrophoresis. (c) Western blot detection of succinyl lysine (SuK) levels in ECHS1 and BSA co-incubated with Su-CoA in the presence and absence of CoA for varying times (5, 15, and 45 min, and 2 h). (d) Distance of individual lysine residues to CoA on ECHS1. (e) Mass spectrometry time-course experiment measuring the change in succinylation levels at individual lysines on ECHS1. ECHS1 was co-incubated with 400 µM Su-CoA for 0, 5, 15 or 45 min and with 0, 1 or 10 mM CoA. The abundance of SuK levels for each residue was normalized to the ECHS1 negative control (not treated with CoA or Su-CoA), (N = 4 per treatment). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 and ****P < 0.0001; ns, not significant. A one-way ANOVA was performed. In the conditions not treated with CoA, each time point was compared to the 0 min group. In the 45-min conditions, both CoA-treated groups (1 and 10 mM) were compared to the group not treated with CoA.