Table 2.

Terms Describing Gradual Changes in Response Requirement

Subcategory	Example	Description
Increase in number of identical responses
Progressive ratio schedule	Hodos (1961)	Increasing the ratio requirement after each reinforcer delivery.
Leaning	Weiner (1982)	Gradually increasing the ratio requirement.
Dense-to-lean schedule	Hagopian et al. (2004)	Using a dense schedule that is then progressively thinned to the terminal schedule.
Demand fading	Fisher et al. (1993)	Increasing the number of instructional demands that must be complied with before a break is available.
Stimulus fading	Zarcone et al. (1994)	Increasing the number of instructional demands that must be complied with before a break is provided.
Instructional fading	Pace et al. (1993)	Gradually increasing the number of instructional demands by presenting more demands per session.
Response chaining	Lalli et al. (1995)	Requiring gradually more steps of a task be completed before a break is available.
Chained schedule	Zangrillo et al. (2016)	Gradually increasing the response requirement in the initial link.
Schedule thinning	Hagopian et al. (2011)	Decreasing the rate of reinforcement for an alternative response.
Increase in number of topographically distinct responses
Chaining	Edwards et al. (2018)	Gradually increasing the number of toy play steps in a behavior chain required before reinforcement is provided.
Shaping	Ferguson and Rosales-Ruiz (2001)	Gradually increasing the number of required trailer-loading steps before reinforcement is provided.
Gradual change in topographical features or dimension(s) of the response
Shaping	Eckerman et al. (1980)	Gradually changing the location of the required response to produce reinforcement.
Percentile schedule	Galbicka (1994)	Gradually changing a response by requiring it to differ from a certain percentile of prior responses.
Progressive lag schedule	Wiskow et al. (2018)	Gradually changing responding by requiring progressively more variability per response.