TABLE 7.
Defined daily dose per 1,000 inhabitants per day of antibiotics for systemic in the outpatient setting before (2019) and during the pandemic period (2020) in HSAL Doboj Region per year.
| Groups of antibiotics | INN | ATC | Antibiotic use at HSAL Doboj (DDD/100 patient-days) | Relative rate of change* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 2020 | ||||
| Penicillins | Phenoxymethylpenicillin | J01CEO2 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.77 |
| Amoxicillin | J01CA04 | 4.49 | 3.91 | 0.87 | |
| Ampicillin po | J01CA01 | 0.63 | 0.18 | 0.29 | |
| Ampicillin pe | 0.05 | 0.05 | 1.09 | ||
| Amox/clav po | J01CR02 | 1.50 | 1.82 | 1.22 | |
| Amox/clav pe | 0.00 | 0.01 | 2.57 | ||
| Total | 7.19 | 6.38 | 0.89 | ||
| Cephalosporins | Cefalexin | JO1DB01 | 0.77 | 0.89 | 1.17 |
| SUM first generation | 0.77 | 0.89 | 1.17 | ||
| Cefuroxime po | J01DC02 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 1.03 | |
| Cefuroxime pe | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.63 | ||
| Cefaclor | J01DC04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.52 | |
| SUM second generation | 0.38 | 0.38 | 1.00 | ||
| Cefixime po | J01DD08 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 1.62 | |
| Cefpodoxime | J01DD13 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1.01 | |
| Ceftriaxone | J01DD04 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 1.60 | |
| SUM third generation | 0.23 | 0.36 | 1.54 | ||
| Total | 1.38 | 1.63 | 1.18 | ||
| Macrolides | Azithromycin po | J01FA10 | 0.66 | 1.18 | 1.77 |
| Azithromycin pe | 0.00 | 0.00 | — | ||
| Erythromycin | J01FA01 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.32 | |
| Clarithromycin po | J01FA09 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.81 | |
| Clarithromycin pe | 0.00 | 0.00 | — | ||
| Roxithromycin | J01FA06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.35 | |
| Total | 1.07 | 1.42 | 1.32 | ||
| Quinolones | Ciprofloxacin po | J01MA02 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.90 |
| Ciprofloxacin pe | 0.00 | 0.01 | 1.65 | ||
| Levofloxacin | J01MA12 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 1.74 | |
| Moxifloxacin po | J01MA14 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.94 | |
| Moxifloxacin pe | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.65 | ||
| Norfloxacin | J01MA06 | 0.46 | 0.37 | 0.81 | |
| Total | 1.07 | 1.05 | 0.98 | ||
| Others | Doxycycline | J01AA02 | 0.64 | 0.41 | 0.63 |
| TMS | J01EE01 | 0.54 | 0.27 | 0.50 | |
| Lincomycin po | J01FF02 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.56 | |
| Lincomycin pe | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.26 | ||
| Clindamycin po | J01FF01 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 1.05 | |
| Clindamycin pe | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.67 | ||
| Gentamicin | J01GB03 | 0.68 | 0.92 | 1.34 | |
| Nitrofurantoin | J01XE01 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 1.74 | |
| Metronidazole po | J01XD01 | 0.91 | 1.05 | 1.16 | |
| Metronidazole pe | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.11 | ||
| Total | 2.40 | 2.67 | 1.11 | ||
| Total | All INN | ||||
DDD/TID—defined daily dose per 1,000 inhabitants per day; INN, International Non-proprietary Name. *relative rate of change is calculated (DDD/TID 2020/DDD/TID 2019); po, per oral; pe parenteral.