Table 1.
Descriptive statistics, correlations, and reliabilities.
| Variable | Means | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Within-person variables | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| 1. Laissez-faire leadership | 1.24 | 0.56 | (0.90) | −0.01 | 0.07 | 0.04 | – | – | |
| 2. Challenge appraisal | 3.84 | 0.78 | −0.04 | (0.94) | −0.15** | 0.18** | – | – | |
| 3. Hindrance appraisal | 1.72 | 0.74 | −0.01 | −0.55** | (0.96) | −0.21** | – | – | |
| 4. Performance | 4.12 | 0.60 | −0.05 | 0.52** | −0.31** | (−) | – | – | |
| Between-person variables | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 5. Learning goal orientation | 4.17 | 0.64 | −0.02 | 0.37** | −0.21 | 0.07 | (0.91) | – | |
| 6. Performance-prove goal orientation | 3.72 | 0.71 | −0.00 | 0.24** | −0.14 | −0.03 | 0.57** | (0.81) | |
| 7. Performance-avoid goal orientation | 2.84 | 0.66 | −0.13 | −0.10 | −0.06 | −0.15 | −0.12 | 0.23 | (0.70) |
Within-person level, N = 616; Between-person Level, N = 68. Numbers above the diagonal are correlations at the within-person level. Numbers under the diagonal are correlations at the between-person level. Reliability coefficients are displayed on the diagonal in parentheses. For within-person variables, their reliabilities were the mean alphas across 10 days of observations.
**p < 0.01.