Table 2.

Results for the test of proposed model.

Variables	Challenge appraisal	Hindrance appraisal	Performance
Within-person level	–	–	–
laissez-faire leadership	0.10	0.04	0.06
challenge appraisal	–	–	0.12**
hindrance appraisal	–	–	−0.15**
Between-person level	–	–	–
learning goal orientation	0.29*	−0.18	0.08
performance-prove orientation	0.07	0.00	−0.01
performance-avoid orientation	−0.08	−0.08	−0.10
Cross-level interactions	–	–	–
laissez-faire leadership × learning goal orientation	−0.11	0.19**	–
laissez-faire leadership × performance-prove orientation	0.25*	−0.18*	–
laissez-faire leadership × performance-avoid orientation	0.19*	0.04	–

Within-person level, N = 616; Between-person Level, N = 68.

^*p < 0.05. ^**p < 0.01.