Table 3.
Basic characteristics and univariate analysis results of hypothermia in neonates and infants.
| Neonate (n = 501) | Infant (n = 590) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypothermia (n = 415) | Normothermia (n = 86) | p-Value | Hypothermia (n = 226) | Normothermia (n = 364) | p-Value | |
| Age (day) | 7.3 ± 6.9 | 11.7 ± 8.0 | <0.001 | 120.4 ± 83.4 | 204.7 ± 103.3 | <.001 |
| Gender (male) | 229 (55.18%) | 46 (53.5%) | 0.774 | 129 (57.08%) | 205 (56.32%) | .885 |
| Body weight (kg) | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | 5.9 ± 2.2 | 7.7 ± 2.1 | <.001 |
| ASA classification, n (%) | <0.001 | <.001 | ||||
| I | 1 (0.24%) | 2 (2.33%) | 33 (14.60%) | 169 (46.43%) | ||
| II | 267 (64.34%) | 72 (83.73%) | 135 (59.73%) | 190 (52.20%) | ||
| III | 128 (30.84%) | 10 (11.63%) | 48 (21.24%) | 2 (0.55%) | ||
| ≥IV | 19 (4.58%) | 2 (2.33%) | 9 (3.98%) | 3 (0.82%) | ||
| Prematurity, n (%) | 136 (33.77%) | 11 (12.79%) | <0.001 | 60 (26.54%) | 61 (16.76%) | .004 |
| Correct gestational age (week) | 38.09 ± 2.83 | 40.02 ± 2.46 | <0.001 | 54.14 ± 13.01 | 67.03 ± 15.09 | <.001 |
| Emergency surgery, n (%) | 339 (81.68%) | 55 (63.95%) | <0.001 | 54 (23.89%) | 59 (16.21%) | .021 |
| Type of surgery, n (%) | 0.002 | <.001 | ||||
| General surgery | 336 (80.96%) | 63 (73.26%) | 134 (59.29%) | 150 (41.21%) | ||
| Thoracic surgery | 44 (10.60%) | 8 (9.30%) | 19 (8.41%) | 28 (7.69%) | ||
| Orthopedics surgery | 0 | 2 (2.33%) | 1 (0.44%) | 2 (0.55%) | ||
| Neurosurgery | 30 (7.23%) | 11 (12.79%) | 35 (15.49%) | 76 (20.88%) | ||
| Urology | 0 | 0 | 15 (6.64%) | 6 (1.65%) | ||
| Plastic surgery | 0 | 0 | 13 (5.75%) | 52 (14.29%) | ||
| ENT | 1 (0.24%) | 2 (2.33%) | 3 (1.33%) | 36 (9.89%) | ||
| Other | 4 (0.96%) | 0 | 6 (2.65%) | 14 (3.85%) | ||
| Site of surgery, n (%) | 0.035 | <.001 | ||||
| Head and neck | 31 (7.47%) | 13 (15.12%) | 43 (19.02%) | 104 (28.57%) | ||
| Thorax and dorsum | 34 (8.19%) | 8 (9.30%) | 37 (16.37%) | 96 (26.37%) | ||
| Abdomen | 338 (81.45%) | 64 (74.42%) | 143 (63.27%) | 149 (40.93%) | ||
| Limbs | 0 | 1 (1.16%) | 2 (0.88%) | 6 (1.65%) | ||
| Others | 1 (0.24%) | 0 | 1 (0.44%) | 9 (2.47%) | ||
| Invasiveness of surgery, n (%) | 0.037 | .021 | ||||
| Endoscopic surgery | 110 (26.51%) | 33 (38.37%) | 101 (44.69%) | 128 (35.16%) | ||
| Open surgery | 305 (73.49%) | 53 (61.63%) | 125 (55.31%) | 238 (65.38%) | ||
| Time of surgery (min) | 86.5 ± 39.6 | 57.8 ± 38.5 | <0.001 | 109.0 ± 72.2 | 68.8 ± 54.8 | <.001 |
| Time of anesthesia (min) | 138.1 ± 45.8 | 102.6 ± 48.4 | <0.001 | 163.0 ± 77.1 | 114.7 ± 60.9 | <.001 |
| Artery catheterization, n (%) | 376 (90.60%) | 56 (65.12%) | <0.001 | 174 (76.99%) | 154 (42.31%) | <.001 |
| Central vena catheterization (CVC), n (%) | 186 (44.82%) | 28 (32.56%) | 0.036 | 96 (42.48%) | 71 (19.51%) | <.001 |
| Prewarming, n (%) | 231 (55.67%) | 69 (80.23%) | <0.001 | 32 (14.16%) | 153 (42.03%) | <.001 |
| Perioperative IV fluid (mL/kg) | 30.07 ± 16.02 | 18.90 ± 12.21 | <0.001 | 38.90 ± 39.00 | 20.91 ± 16.70 | <.001 |
| Blood transfusion, n (%) | 82 (19.76%) | 8 (9.30%) | 0.022 | 41 (18.14%) | 18 (4.95%) | <.001 |
| Vasoactive drugs, n (%) | 64 (15.42%) | 6 (6.98%) | 0.040 | 19 (8.41%) | 7 (1.92%) | <.001 |
| Blood loss, mL/kg | 2.30 ± 2.70 | 1.22 ± 1.65 | 0.01 | 2.48 ± 9.33 | 0.66 ± 1.55 | <.001 |
| Urine, mL/kg | 5.02 ± 4.63 | 4.43 ± 5.01 | 0.432 | 12.23 ± 17.63 | 7.33 ± 7.00 | .001 |
ASA, American Society of Aneshesiologists physical status classification system; ENT, ear, nose, and throat; CVC, central vena catheterization; IV, infusion of the vein.