Table 12.

ABMs of inability to chew and ruminate in veal calves kept in small groups

ABM	Comments
Non‐nutritive oral manipulation	Definition: Licking, chewing or sucking directed towards bars etc. (modified after Downey et al., 2022). Sensitivity: Low. Specificity: Low, because non‐nutritive oral manipulation can also be due to inability to perform sucking behaviour. More relevant for foraging behaviour. Non‐nutritive oral manipulation can also be due to inability to perform sucking behaviour, prolonged hunger and inability to perform exploratory or foraging behaviour.
Tongue rolling	Definition: Tongue is held in a full or partial circular position or moves in a full or partial circular motion; this can occur when the tongue is held within the mouth or extended outside it (adapted from Downey et al., 2022). Sensitivity: Low. Not all animals experiencing inability to forage or explore will show this behaviour. Specificity: High. Although it is more frequent in older calves, it can also occur in young calves (< 8 weeks of age).