Table 30.

Relationships between available space and welfare effects observed in calves kept in group pens, based on data reported in the literature and on the EKE outputs

Space allowance (m2/calf)	Behaviours that can be expressed
1.8	Calves housed at < 1.8 m2 per animal showed an increased probability of respiratory diseases compared with calves housed at > 1.8 m2 per animal (Calderón‐amor and Gallo, 2020)
2	Calves reduced the time spent lying down and increase their activity when kept at 2 m2 compared with 1.5 m2 per animal (Sutherland et al., 2014a).
3	Increased lying in relaxed posture (stretched legs) and increased synchronous resting given a sufficiently sized lying area (1.5 or 2 m2 per animal depending on animal weight) (Færevik et al., 2008)
4	No data in the literature
6	No data in the literature
10	No data in the literature
20	No data in the literature. Calves are expected to show same levels of play as if not restricted by space.